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【Abstract】Police often faces numerous and diverse situation in the process of enforcing laws. Using force appropriately is helpful to maintain social peace and order. In the using of force, the fundamental principles need to be commanded. And it should be used legally, securely, appropriately and efficiently in reality.
【Key words】Force；Principle； Operational
【中图分类号】D631【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1001-4128(2011)02-0027-02
作者简介：尹伟(1964-)，男，汉，中国人民公安大学警训部，教授，硕士研究生导师。
1 Introduction
As a career, police is a dangerous one. How should we protect the police security in enforcing laws has become a focus of leaders. Speaking concretely, how to use the police coercive measures scientifically, efficiently and legally and how to improve the police ability to use coercive measures have become the important ways to protect the police’ s own safety, maintain the police’s image, protect security of thesubjects and the citizens on the spot. Therefore, based on the police’s violence use techniques abroad, exploring the force use of the police in our country becomes necessary and meaningful.
2 main point of using force
2.1 general principles
2.1.1 legality:Force used only in accordance to legal powers. Necessary force to attain intended purpose.
2.1.2 proportionality:What do we mean by proportionality?
Police use of force must be appropriate to achieve the purpose of the use of objects according to the resistance level of law enforcement to take appropriate control force, not excessive use of force, injury to law enforcement targets.
2.1.3 safety:In the using of force, the safety need to be commanded. And the safety should be consist of the police’s safety , General Public’s safety , subject’s safety.
2.2 essential factor 0f considerations:The force used must be objectively reasonable based on the FACTS and CIRCUMSTANCES known to the officer at the time the force is used. Taking into consideration:
The severity of the crime involved,
The actions of the subject, Does the subject poses an immediate threat to the safety of officers or others, And Police/Subject factors.
2.2.1 resistance:The police’s force use degree depends on the degree of the subjects’ resistance . Operational Considerations (A.O.S)：
(1)No Resistance
(2)Passive Resistance
(3)Active Resistance (Threat of Hurt)
(4)Active Resistance (Threat of Death or Grievous Hurt)
(5)Evading Arrest
2.2.2 Ability:Whether the attacker has the ability to hurt the police, e.g. whether he or she holds guns etc. should be considered.
2.2.3 Opportunity:If the subject wants to attack the police and the subject has the ability to attack, it depends on opportunities. The police will be in great danger if the distance between them is within 20 meters.
2.2.4 Jeopardy：Jeopardy which the police the public face should be considered.
2.3 option of force
2.3.1 Verbal Command
2.3.2 Un-Armed Tactics
2.3.3 police tools
2.3.4 Firearms
3 Flexible application of force
3.1 on guard：Despite the numerous stories of how polices have used their “sixth senses” to predict dangerous situations, this measure is not foolproof. The most docile subjects have proven dangerous. Even when it appears a subject is compliant and there are no external dangers, polices must still think about safety.
When talking to a subject during an ordinary-risk situation, polices should maintain what is known as the reactionary gap. This distance of four-to-six feet will provide room for comfortable discussion and still enable the officer to react to an attack. Getting too close may invade a subject’s personal or intimate space and provoke an attack, and a greater distance hampers effective interpersonal communication.
(Photo 1)
A good stance and proper hand positioning are important while maintaining the reactionary gap(Photo 1).
polices must gauge the distance and make adjustments if necessary. If a subject gets aggressive, the gap may need to be widened to provide the officer additional time to react. Shorter distances mean less time for the police to react to a personal attack -just a fraction of a second can be crucial.
Action will always beat reaction at a close distance, but a greater distances allows for the reaction time you need to defeat an attack.
The way polices position own hands when facing a subject may communicate a great deal. Many people believe that words are the primary way we communicate with each other on an interpersonal level; yet research indicates that most interpersonal communication is noverbal.
Polices need to be concerned with their personal safety and survival while projecting a professional and non-threatening image during most of their encounters with the public. The hands can be used to push, block, deflect, or counter a personal attack.
Whenever you are within four to six feet from a subject, your hands should be above your waist in order to allow you time to use them during a sudden attack. Some police trainers believe that a minimum of 10 feet should be the maintained distance between you and your subject. This allows time for your hands to come up above your waist it the situation dictates a reaction.
It may lock cool or macho to have your thumbs tucked in your belt, but it’s taking an unnecessary risk. Keeping your hands above your belt makes them visible so that you are conscious of where yours hands are.
An experienced street fighter may also chose not to attack you when your hands are held high. You are not providing a good opportunity for attack because you are projecting a heightened level of awareness(Photo 2).
(Photo 2)
3.2 escorting：Escorting a noncompliant subject is no easy task, but it can be successful accomplished with the right tools, the right mind-set and the right technique-namely, the transport wrist lock. Also known as the goose neck, chicken beak and several other aliases, the transport wrist-lock technique is one of the oldest and the most effective ways of controlling and cuffing uncooperative suspects(Photo 3).
(Photo 3)
But keep in mind that no technique, weapon or option will work 100 percent of the time on all subjects and for all officers. As always, common sense must prevail when choosing a specific technique to use on a specific person. This particular technique relies on the subject being able to perceive the discomfort it creates.
So, if he’s high on drugs and not felling any pain, this technique would not be a viable option. And, it may not be the control technique of choice if you must face a subject who appears to be meaner and stronger than a pack of junkyard.
The transport wrist lock is normally applied from the escort position, with the police standing at a 45-degree offset to the rear of the subject, with the police’s closest hand holding the subject between his shoulder and elbow. The police’s other hand will be holding the subject around the wrist.
4 Conclusion
Effective use of the police force is essential law enforcement skills, in actual law enforcement, the use of police force must be based on the use of the basic principles, must take into account each other’s violent resistance, and our ability to control, to live according to the risks faced by law enforcement context, the use of force to grasp the opportunities. once use must choose the level of violence and resistance level of violence compatible with the minimum of force control means. police on duty and off-duty should be to maintain the most basic of vigilance, in particular should keep the basic operation force on alert to avoid the trap of some as a guide, do not make assumptions taken for granted, the use of force to master the basic techniques, such as kicking techniques and escorted away from the technology and skills so as to legal, safe, reasonable and effective use of force, to protect their security and law enforcement tasks.
Reference
[1] Report folliwong the Columbine High School Massacre. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on 19 June 2006
[2] Glenn Harlan Reynolds. The Danger of a Paramilitary Police Force. Published on November 28, 2006
【Key words】Force；Principle； Operational
【中图分类号】D631【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1001-4128(2011)02-0027-02
作者简介：尹伟(1964-)，男，汉，中国人民公安大学警训部，教授，硕士研究生导师。
1 Introduction
As a career, police is a dangerous one. How should we protect the police security in enforcing laws has become a focus of leaders. Speaking concretely, how to use the police coercive measures scientifically, efficiently and legally and how to improve the police ability to use coercive measures have become the important ways to protect the police’ s own safety, maintain the police’s image, protect security of thesubjects and the citizens on the spot. Therefore, based on the police’s violence use techniques abroad, exploring the force use of the police in our country becomes necessary and meaningful.
2 main point of using force
2.1 general principles
2.1.1 legality:Force used only in accordance to legal powers. Necessary force to attain intended purpose.
2.1.2 proportionality:What do we mean by proportionality?
Police use of force must be appropriate to achieve the purpose of the use of objects according to the resistance level of law enforcement to take appropriate control force, not excessive use of force, injury to law enforcement targets.
2.1.3 safety:In the using of force, the safety need to be commanded. And the safety should be consist of the police’s safety , General Public’s safety , subject’s safety.
2.2 essential factor 0f considerations:The force used must be objectively reasonable based on the FACTS and CIRCUMSTANCES known to the officer at the time the force is used. Taking into consideration:
The severity of the crime involved,
The actions of the subject, Does the subject poses an immediate threat to the safety of officers or others, And Police/Subject factors.
2.2.1 resistance:The police’s force use degree depends on the degree of the subjects’ resistance . Operational Considerations (A.O.S)：
(1)No Resistance
(2)Passive Resistance
(3)Active Resistance (Threat of Hurt)
(4)Active Resistance (Threat of Death or Grievous Hurt)
(5)Evading Arrest
2.2.2 Ability:Whether the attacker has the ability to hurt the police, e.g. whether he or she holds guns etc. should be considered.
2.2.3 Opportunity:If the subject wants to attack the police and the subject has the ability to attack, it depends on opportunities. The police will be in great danger if the distance between them is within 20 meters.
2.2.4 Jeopardy：Jeopardy which the police the public face should be considered.
2.3 option of force
2.3.1 Verbal Command
2.3.2 Un-Armed Tactics
2.3.3 police tools
2.3.4 Firearms
3 Flexible application of force
3.1 on guard：Despite the numerous stories of how polices have used their “sixth senses” to predict dangerous situations, this measure is not foolproof. The most docile subjects have proven dangerous. Even when it appears a subject is compliant and there are no external dangers, polices must still think about safety.
When talking to a subject during an ordinary-risk situation, polices should maintain what is known as the reactionary gap. This distance of four-to-six feet will provide room for comfortable discussion and still enable the officer to react to an attack. Getting too close may invade a subject’s personal or intimate space and provoke an attack, and a greater distance hampers effective interpersonal communication.
(Photo 1)
A good stance and proper hand positioning are important while maintaining the reactionary gap(Photo 1).
polices must gauge the distance and make adjustments if necessary. If a subject gets aggressive, the gap may need to be widened to provide the officer additional time to react. Shorter distances mean less time for the police to react to a personal attack -just a fraction of a second can be crucial.
Action will always beat reaction at a close distance, but a greater distances allows for the reaction time you need to defeat an attack.
The way polices position own hands when facing a subject may communicate a great deal. Many people believe that words are the primary way we communicate with each other on an interpersonal level; yet research indicates that most interpersonal communication is noverbal.
Polices need to be concerned with their personal safety and survival while projecting a professional and non-threatening image during most of their encounters with the public. The hands can be used to push, block, deflect, or counter a personal attack.
Whenever you are within four to six feet from a subject, your hands should be above your waist in order to allow you time to use them during a sudden attack. Some police trainers believe that a minimum of 10 feet should be the maintained distance between you and your subject. This allows time for your hands to come up above your waist it the situation dictates a reaction.
It may lock cool or macho to have your thumbs tucked in your belt, but it’s taking an unnecessary risk. Keeping your hands above your belt makes them visible so that you are conscious of where yours hands are.
An experienced street fighter may also chose not to attack you when your hands are held high. You are not providing a good opportunity for attack because you are projecting a heightened level of awareness(Photo 2).
(Photo 2)
3.2 escorting：Escorting a noncompliant subject is no easy task, but it can be successful accomplished with the right tools, the right mind-set and the right technique-namely, the transport wrist lock. Also known as the goose neck, chicken beak and several other aliases, the transport wrist-lock technique is one of the oldest and the most effective ways of controlling and cuffing uncooperative suspects(Photo 3).
(Photo 3)
But keep in mind that no technique, weapon or option will work 100 percent of the time on all subjects and for all officers. As always, common sense must prevail when choosing a specific technique to use on a specific person. This particular technique relies on the subject being able to perceive the discomfort it creates.
So, if he’s high on drugs and not felling any pain, this technique would not be a viable option. And, it may not be the control technique of choice if you must face a subject who appears to be meaner and stronger than a pack of junkyard.
The transport wrist lock is normally applied from the escort position, with the police standing at a 45-degree offset to the rear of the subject, with the police’s closest hand holding the subject between his shoulder and elbow. The police’s other hand will be holding the subject around the wrist.
4 Conclusion
Effective use of the police force is essential law enforcement skills, in actual law enforcement, the use of police force must be based on the use of the basic principles, must take into account each other’s violent resistance, and our ability to control, to live according to the risks faced by law enforcement context, the use of force to grasp the opportunities. once use must choose the level of violence and resistance level of violence compatible with the minimum of force control means. police on duty and off-duty should be to maintain the most basic of vigilance, in particular should keep the basic operation force on alert to avoid the trap of some as a guide, do not make assumptions taken for granted, the use of force to master the basic techniques, such as kicking techniques and escorted away from the technology and skills so as to legal, safe, reasonable and effective use of force, to protect their security and law enforcement tasks.
Reference
[1] Report folliwong the Columbine High School Massacre. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on 19 June 2006
[2] Glenn Harlan Reynolds. The Danger of a Paramilitary Police Force. Published on November 28, 2006