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马克思思想同犹太教观念及其传统之间的关系充满着辩证性。一方面,马克思在自觉层面上彻底告别了包括犹太教在内的一切可能的宗教形式;另一方面,犹太教的某些重要因子和精神气质在无意识层面上又深刻地影响了马克思的哲学建构。马克思之所以批判犹太教,除了意识形态批判的一般需要外,还因为他力图解构市民社会这一现代性的世俗基础。马克思所肩负的无产阶级革命导师的使命;马克思的叛逆性格和解放诉求;马克思哲学的合题取向、实践精神和真实的历史感;马克思对人的异化命运的敏感、对拜物教的批判、对道德维度的认同、对作为历史前提的物质条件的重视等等,都或潜或显、或多或少地折射着犹太教传统的底色。宗教只是试图通过调整人们对现实的看待方式而屈从于现实,马克思哲学则主张通过人的感性活动实际地改变现实而使之趋向于理想境界。这正是马克思哲学同宗教之间的本质区别。
The relationship between Marxist ideas and Judaism and its traditions is full of dialectic. On the one hand, Marx has completely bid farewell to all possible religious forms including Judaism on the conscious level; on the other hand, some important factors and spiritual temperaments of Judaism have unconsciously profoundly influenced Marx’s philosophical construction. In addition to the general needs of ideological criticism, the reason why Marx criticizes Judaism is because he tries to deconstruct the secular basis of the modernity of civil society. Marx’s mission of proletarian revolutionary mentor; Marx’s rebellious personality and liberation; Marx’s philosophical combination of questions, practical spirit and real sense of history; Marx’s sensitivity to the alienation of human fate; criticism of fetishism; morality The recognition of dimension, the emphasis on material conditions as historical prerequisites, etc., all of which are latent or explicit, more or less reflect the background of the Jewish tradition. Religion only tries to succumb to reality by adjusting people’s way of looking at reality. Marxist philosophy advocates that people’s ideal activity should be changed to reality by changing their reality. This is exactly the essential difference between Marxist philosophy and religion.