大尺寸绝对距离测量技术是解决工业生产中大型零件高精度测量的重要手段。本文介绍了该技术的基本原理及国内外发展现状，并对影响测量精度的三个重要因素作了分析和讨论，并预言超短波Ｘ激光、自适应光学及集成光学技术将会在该领域得到广泛应用 Large-size absolute distance measurement technology is to solve the large-scale industrial production of high-precision measurement of an important means. This paper introduces the basic principle of the technology and the status quo at home and abroad, and analyzes and discusses the three important factors that affect the measurement accuracy. It is predicted that the ultrashort wave X-ray, adaptive optics and integrated optics technology will be widely used in this field application