格奥尔格·卢卡奇是20世纪真正的、最具独立性和创造性的马克思主义思想家。他认为无产阶级只有获取革命意识,才能解决日益增多的剥削和压迫问题。但是,俄国革命后建立的官僚社会,资本主义国家的消费主义和福利时代的到来以及第三世界忙于工业化和城市化进程等因素阻止了革命意识的出现。在这种历史条件下,卢卡奇历经不同阶段,对资产阶级现实、他所处的时代文化以及德国哲学和文学进行了激进的政治批判和哲学批判,并因此受到了官方当局的批判。与布洛赫相比,卢卡奇的批判思想具有典型局限,一是他始终在探求一种决定性的历史观,忽视了人的实践所创造的历史可能性;二是他有一种将理论简化为知识,将革命意识简化为自我意识的倾向;三是他认为真正的批判实践活动仅在一个组织内是可能的;四是他的批判思想既无法激发高尚的动机也无法激励人们采取大胆的道德选择。 Georg Lukacs is the true, most independent and creative Marxist thinker in the 20th century. He believes that the proletariat can only solve the ever-increasing problem of exploitation and oppression only by acquiring revolutionary ideas. However, the bureaucratic society established after the Russian Revolution, the advent of consumerism and welfare in the capitalist countries, and the third world’s preoccupation with the process of industrialization and urbanization prevented the emergence of revolutionary consciousness. Under such historical conditions, Lukacs underwent various stages of political criticism and philosophical criticism of the bourgeois reality, his time culture and German philosophy and literature, and was therefore criticized by official authorities. Compared with Bloch, Lukacs’s criticism has its typical limitations. First, he always explores a decisive view of history, neglects the historical possibility created by human practice. Second, he has a theory that simplifies the theory As the knowledge, the revolutionary consciousness is reduced to the tendency of self-consciousness; third, he thinks that the real critical practice activities are possible only within one organization; fourth, his critical thinking can neither inspire noble motivation nor inspire people to adopt daring Moral choice.