聚焦“被动语态”

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  一、主动语态如何变被动语态
  (一)含有双宾语的主动句变为被动语态时,多数将主动句中的间接宾语变为被动句的主语,直接宾语保留作宾语;也可将直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语保留作宾语,但这时宾语前需加介词to或for。例如:
  He gave me a new watch.→
  (1)I was given a new watch.
  (2)A new watch was given to me.
  (二)含有复合宾语且宾语补足语是名词的主动句变为被动语态时,只能将主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语,宾补不可变为主语。例如:
  They call me Jim. →
  I am called Jim.(不可说:Jim is called me.)
  (三)主语为疑问词的特殊疑问句变为被动语态时,用“By+疑问词(宾格)”置于句首。例如:
  Who broke the glass? →
  By whom was the glass broken?
  (四)祈使句变为被动语态时,要改为“Let +原宾语+be动词+过去分词”结构。例如:
  Close the window. →
  Let the window be closed.
  (五)带宾语从句的复合句变为被动语态时,多用it作形式主语置于句首,原宾语从句成为真正的主语(从句 ),从句中也需用被动语态。例如:
  People said that Lin Feng could take good care of the baby. →
  It was said that the baby could be taken good care of by Lin Feng.
  (六)含有谓语动词know的主动句变为被动语态时,不用by短语,需用to。例如:
  We all know the scientist. →
  The scientist is known to us all.
  (七)no one、nobody等否定代词作主语的句子变为被动语态时,谓语动词用否定式,不再用原主语,但可加上by anyone、by anybody等短语。例如:
  No one can lift the heavy box. →
  The heavy box can not be lifted (by anyone).
  二、被动语态与系表结构的区别
  “be动词+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被动语态,也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是:被动语态强调动作,系表结构强调状态。判断方法如下:
  (一)从形式上来看,被动语态往往含有“by+行为实施人”结构,而系表结构往往有固定的搭配,如be joined to,be connected with,be separated from,be covered with, be interested in,be surprised at,be satisfied with,be concerned about等。例如:
  We were surprised at the unexpected news.
  听到这个意外消息,我们感到惊讶。(系表结构)
  注意:句中有“by+人”结构时,多属被动语态;而“by+物”时,多属系表结构。例如:
  The house was surrounded by the police.
  这所房子被警察包围了。(被动语态)
  The house was surrounded by trees.
  这所房子四周都是树。(系表结构,表示静止的状态)
  (二)从时态上来看,被动语态中的be动词时态要与动作发生的时间一致;而系表结构中的be动词只有一般时或完成时,表示目前或过去的性质或状态。例如:
  This window was broken by Kate yesterday.
  这扇窗户是凯特昨天打破的。(被动语态)
  This glass is broken.
  这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构,指目前的状态)
  (三)从句中的状语来看,过去分词前有well、very、 quite等副词修饰的是系表结构;若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时,一般为被动语态。例如:
  The play is well written.
  这剧本写得很好。(系表结构。)
  The play was written with great care.
  这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态,有方式状语)
  (四)被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词,而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone、fallen、risen等不及物动词。如下面两句就是系表结构:
  My pen is gone.
  我的钢笔不见了。
  The sun is risen.
  太阳升起来了。
  三、主动语态变为被动语态的易错点
  (一)含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,但变间接宾语为主语的情况较多。例如:
  我生日那天汤姆送了我一件礼物。
  主动:Tom gave me a present on my birthday.
  被动:I was given a present by Tom on my birthday.   A present was given to me yesterday.
  注意:如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则要在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词。
  1. 在下列动词后,通常在间接宾语前用介词to:bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, sell, show, take, tell等。
  2. 在下列动词后,一般在间接宾语前用介词for:build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。例如:
  母亲给我做了件新裙子。
  主动:Mother made me a new skirt.
  被动:A new skirt was made for me.
  3. 有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通或不习惯,就必须用直接宾语作主语。例如:
  Tom wrote me a letter.
  误:I was written a letter by Tom.
  正:A letter was written to me by Tom.
  类似的动词还有:return, send, pass, hand, sell, teach等。
  (二)含复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的主动句改为被动句时,一般把主动句中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面成为主语补足语。例如:
  We always keep the classroom clean.
  我们总是保持教室清洁。
  →The classroom is always kept clean.
  教室总是保持清洁的。
  They asked me to help them.
  他们叫我帮助他们。
  →I was asked to help them.
  我被他们叫去帮忙了。
  We saw them playing football.
  我们看到他们在踢足球。
  →They were seen playing football.
  他们被人看见在踢足球。
  注意:
  1. 在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词(短语)后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都省略to,但改成被动语态后要加上to。例如:
  We often hear her sing.
  我们经常听到她唱歌。
  →She is often heard to sing.
  经常有人听到她唱歌。
  2. 如果宾语补足语是名词,变被动句时,不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。例如:
  我们叫他傻瓜。
  We called him an ass.
  误:As ass was called him.
  正:He was called an ass.
  (三)动词短语的被动语态
  1. “动词+介词/副词”构成的动词短语,变成被动语态时,要把它们作为整体来看待,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。例如:
  The patient is being operated on.
  病人正在动手术。
  His request was turned down.
  他的要求遭到拒绝。
  2. “动词+副词+介词”构成的动词短语,变成被动语态时,要把它们作为一个整体看待。例如:
  The poor were looked down upon then.
  那时穷人被人瞧不起。
  He was looked up to by everyone.
  他被人们所敬仰。
  3. “动词+名词+介词”构成的动词短语,变被动语态时,既可将动词短语后的宾语作为被动句的主语,也可将动词短语中的名词作为被动句的主语。例如:
  You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
  你必须注意你的发音。
  →Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.
  →Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
  (四)当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的复合不定代词时,被动句中将其变为anybody作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定形式。例如:
  谁也拿不起这块石头。
  Nobody can lift this stone.
  误:The stone can be lifted by nobody.
  正:The stone can not be lifted by anybody.
  (五)当主动句是否定形式且宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时,在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one来作主语,并将谓语动词变为肯定形式。例如:
  他们没有做什么来保持河流清洁。
  They haven’t done anything to make the river clean.
  误:Anything hasn’t been done to make the river clean.
  正:Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
  (六)以who为主语开头的特殊疑问句,变被动句时,用by whom放在句首。例如:
  这部小说是谁写的?
  Who wrote this novel?
  误:Who was this novel written by?
  正:By whom was this novel written?
  (七)主动句中是完成进行时态时,相应的被动句要变为完成时态。例如:
  这本词典他用了十年了。
  He has been using this dictionary for ten years.
  →This dictionary has been used for ten years by him.
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