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本文首先探讨民初“信教自由”的宪法角色,揭示条约对于理解“信教自由”的关键意义。然后,梳理“信教自由”进入近代中国的条约路径,并论证1903年中美《通商行船续订条约》第十四款的重要性,其充分保留了“信教自由”与近代中国摩擦、冲突以及妥协的完整语境。进而,以心灵秩序为关注,深度刻画晚清基层社会在伦理与家族、习俗与社区,以及身份与官仪等三个层面的秩序解体。最后,在心灵秩序的真切激荡中,重新理解“信教自由”对于近代中国,乃至当下中国的意义。
This article first explores the constitutional role of “freedom of religious belief” in the early Republic of China and reveals the significance of the treaty in understanding “freedom of religious belief.” Then, combing the path of “freedom of religion” into the modern China and demonstrating the importance of the fourteenth paragraph of the Sino-U.S. Treaty of Renewed Trade and Shipping in 1903, fully preserving the “freedom of religious belief” and modern China The complete context of friction, conflict and compromise. Furthermore, taking the spiritual order as the focus, the paper deeply depict the social order disintegration in the grass-roots society of the late Qing Dynasty in the three levels of ethics and family, customs and community, identity and officialdom. Finally, in the real agitation of the spiritual order, we should re-understand the significance of “freedom of religious belief” to modern China and even to present China.