Background The necrosis of a large number of myocardial cells after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) results in a decrease of cardiac function and ventricle remodeling.Stem cell transplantation could improve cardiac function after AMI,but the involving mechanisms have not been completely understood.The present study aimed to investigate the effects of transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) andesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via the coronary artery on the ventricle remodeling after AMI as well as the mechanisms of the effects of transplantation of different stem cells on ventricle remodeling.Methods A total of 36 male pigs were enrolled in this study,which were divided into 4 groups: control group,simple infarct model group,BM-MNC transplantation group,and MSCs transplantation group.At 90 minutes when a miniature porcine model with AMI was established,transplantation of autologous BM-MNC ((4.7±1.7)×107) and MSCs ((6.2±1.6)×105) was performed in the coronary artery via a catheter.Ultrasound,electron microscope,immunohistochemical examination and real time reverse transcdptase-polymerase chain reaction were used respectively to observe cardiac fun~ons,counts of blood vessels of cardiac muscle,cardiac muscle nuclear factor (NF)-KB,myocardial cell apoptosis,and the expression of the mRNA of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in cardiac muscles.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation factors of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (EDD).Results The number of blood vessels in the infarct zone and around its border in the BM-MNC transplantation group was more than those in the infarct model group and MSCs group (P=0.0001) and there was less myocardial cell apoptosis in the stem cell transplantation group than that in the infarct model group (all P <0.01).The positive rate of NF-KB in the stem cell transplantation group was lower than that in the infarct model group (P=0.001).The gene expression of VEGF in the infarct border zone of the BM-MNC group was higher than that in the MSCs group (P=0.0001).The gene expression of bFGF in the infarct border zone in the MSCs transplantation group was higher than that in the infarct model group and the BM-MNC group (P=0.0001).Left ventricular ejection fraction was inversely proportional to the apoptotic rate of myocardial cells and cardiac muscle NF-KB but positively correlated with the number of blood vessels and the expression of VEGF and bFGF in the infarct zone and infarct border zone.The Multivariate Logistic regression analysis on the factors influencing the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter after stem cell transplantation showed that the expression of VEGF mRNA in the cardiac muscles in the infarct zone,the number of apoptotic myocardial cells and the expression of NF-KB in the infarct border zone were independent factors for predicting the inhibitory effect on the dilation of left ventricular EDD after stem cell transplantation.Conclusions Transplantation of autologous BM-MNC and MSCs in pigs can improve the condition of left ventricular remodeling and recover the cardiac functions after AMI.The improvement of cardiac functions is related to the increase of blood vessels,the increased expression of VEGF and bFGF,the reduction of myocardial cell apoptosis,and the decrease of NF-KB level in cardiac muscle tissues after stem cell transplantation.