晚清学术文化在清代甚至整个中国学术史上都表现出鲜明的特色。在整个晚清社会,伴随着鸦片战争而来的近代经济和政治等方面的社会转型,中国传统学术文化也随之经历了艰难的转型过程。在这个时期,晚清学术以“经世致用”为基本原则探索救亡图存的文化方略,学术发展复杂多样,各种学术派别和学术思想纷纷出炉。不过,在晚清学术发展的纷杂局面中,学术发展轨迹也并非无处可寻。概略地说,其学术文化内容大致包括依次演进的四种形态,即“旧学”、“西学”、“新学”和“国学”。 Late Qing academic culture in the Qing Dynasty and even the whole Chinese academic history have shown distinctive characteristics. Throughout the late Qing society and accompanying with the social transformation in modern economy and politics from the Opium War, traditional Chinese academic culture also underwent a difficult transition. During this period, in the late Qing dynasty, the academic strategy of “saving the nation through life” was used to explore the cultural strategy of saving the nation and survival. The academic development was complicated and diverse, and various academic factions and academic thoughts were released one after another. However, in the confusing situation of academic development in the late Qing dynasty, the track of academic development is not without trace. Roughly speaking, the content of its academic culture generally includes four kinds of patterns that evolve in sequence, namely “old school”, “western school”, “new school” and “national studies”.