同传统的决裂发生于法国大革命时期;这一决裂必然地从根本上改变了艺术家和艺术的地位。艺术学院和艺展机构、艺术行家和艺术批评家们又推波助澜,使得在所谓的“美的艺术”与工艺之间产生了一道鸿沟。很快,绘画和建筑那远古流传下来的手工艺基础又从另一方面受到了危害:随着机器时代的到来,手工艺传统遭到破坏,盛极一时的作坊工艺产品被工厂商品取代。 The same break with the tradition took place during the French Revolution; this rupture inevitably fundamentally changed the status of artists and the arts. The art academies and art exhibition agencies, art experts and art critics have fueled a gap between so-called “art of beauty” and craftsmanship. Soon after, the ancient craftsmanship that has been handed down from painting and architecture to the past has been jeopardized on the other hand: With the advent of the machine age, the tradition of crafts has been destroyed, and the most fashionable workshops and craft products have been replaced by factory goods.