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以史为鉴这种实用历史观在中西方都很盛行,它乃是通过历史上的事件为人们提供一种认知,亦即行动指示,而其根据在于历史具有“问题+方法+效用”的生存结构。这个结构的展开,使古人和今人都面对许多共同的问题和方法(即常规事件),从而使历史可以为后人提供行动指示。但是,从知识生产视角看,由于以史为鉴所必须借助的归纳法并不具有严格性,且人们总要不断面对新问题、创造新方法(即面对特殊事件),因而以史为鉴的可靠性有限,其局限表现为:对于没有太大必要解释的常规事件,历史倒经常可以提供比较可靠的解释;而对于非常必要解释的特殊事件,历史却很难提供比较可靠的解释。
The lesson from history is that this kind of practical view of history is prevalent in both the West and the West. It provides people with a kind of cognition, that is, instructions for action, through historical events, but based on the fact that history has a “problem + method + utility.” Survival structure. This structure has enabled both the ancients and the present people to face many common problems and methods (ie, regular events) so that history can provide instructions for future generations. However, from the perspective of knowledge production, due to the fact that the inductive method that must be borrowed from history should not be strict, and people always face new problems and create new methods (that is, face special events), the historical reliability is limited. Its limitations are as follows: For a regular event without much necessary explanation, history can often provide a more reliable explanation; whereas for a particular event that is very necessary to be explained, history can hardly provide a more reliable explanation.