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试题各不同,解题有诀窍。扎实的基础知识与敏捷的解题思路相结合,会使你解题时得心应手。
一、被动语态型
【要点领悟】 遇到谓语动词语态形式的试题时,要注意动词是不是及物动词,因为及物动词后面必须带宾语。如果没有带宾语,就意味着宾语去做主语了,即主语承受动词的动作。因此,谓语动词要用被动式。如:
〖典型题例1〗 The students to touch anything in the chemical lab unless the teacher asks them to.
A. aren’t allowed
B. don’t allow
C. haven’t allowed
D. won’t allow
〖解题思路〗 allow为及物动词,其句型为allow sb. to do sth.,现在allow后面没有指人的宾语(sb.),句子的主语就是动作的承受者,因此要用被动语态,答案为A。
及物动词以非谓语形式出现时,也要看其后有没有宾语,如果没有,那么它的逻辑主语就是其动作的承受者,就要选择具有被动意义的非谓语形式。如:
2. The girl went to the party without ________.
A. inviting B. being invited
C.to be invited D. invited
〖解题思路〗 句子已有谓语动词went,invite只能用非谓语形式,在介词without后面只能用—ing形式,判断用哪种非谓语形式是解题的第一步。第二步是判断用主动式还是被动式。invite为及物动词,后面应接“人”做宾语,现在没有宾语,在逻辑上句子的主语the girl是其宾语,因此,invite要用具有被动意义的形式, 具有被动意义的选项有B、C和D。综合分析,invite既要用—ing形式又要用被动式,答案就是B。
3. ________ from the tower at night, the city looks more beautiful.
A. is seen B. seeingC. being seen D. seen
〖解题思路〗 see为及物动词,后面没有带宾语,它的逻辑宾语就是句子的主语the city,因此要用被动式。具有被动意义的选项有A、C和D。根据句子结构,不能用谓语形式做状语,要用非谓语形式做状语,表示时间或条件, 故排除A。由于在时间上,see动作应在look动作之前发生,具有完成意义, 因而要用既能表完成又能表被动的选项D,因为过去分词具有这样的双重意义。
注意:在某些情况下,可用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
This problem is worth discussing. 这个问题值得讨论。(主语problem是discuss的承受者)
Your car wants / needs repairing. 你的车子需要维修了。(want和need表示“需要”,主语car是repair的承受者)
二、句子结构型
【要点领悟】遇到结构复杂的试题时,可通过移动某些词语的位置,或变换一下句型,就可以看清楚句子的本来结构,从而使题意清楚,答案明确。如:
〖典型题例1〗The play brought the hours back to me ________ I had worked in a far—away farm.
A. until B. that C. when D. where
〖解题思路〗 答案为C。空后是一个完整的句子结构,做什么从句,一时很难看出,如果把它移到hours后面,就会发现它是定语从句,修饰hours,修饰时间名词,不能用where,而要用when,因从句中不缺主语或宾语,不能用that引导从句。题中hours指“一段时间”,bring sth. back to sb.意为“使用某人回忆起某事”。题意为:“这出戏使我想起了我在一个遥远的农场干活的那段时光”。
2. The young man has spent as much time as he could ________ English.
A. learn B. to learn C. learning D. done
〖解题思路〗 此题易误选A,认为could后只能接动词原形。如果变通一下试题结构:as he could是一个比较状语从句,could后省去前面出现过的动词spend,如果把这个比较结构移开不看,就会清楚的看出,后面要用带to的不定式作目的状语,故选B。题意可理解为:这个年轻人花了他所能花的时间学习英语。
3. My aunt was disappointed to see the washing machine she ________ went wrong again.
A. had repairedB. had had repaired
C. repairedD. had had repairing
〖解题思路〗 答案选B,这似乎使人难以接受。变通一下试题结构:…machine( that) she had had repaired...,画线部分是定语从句修饰machine。还变通一下定语从句的结构:she had had that(machine)repaired,其句型是have sth. done,为什么动词have要用had had呢?这是因为have动词动作发生在was或went之前,属“过去的过去”的动作,要用过去完成时。
4. It was four hours ________ the meeting lasted.
A. whenB. that C. before D. since
〖解题思路〗 此题易误选C或D。因为有这样的句型:It be + 一段时间+ before / since从句。 其实答案是B, 这是一个强调句型,可变换为普通句型:The meeting lasted four hours。
注意:变通的基本方式有:变特殊问句为陈述句、变强调句型为普通句型、引导定语从句的关系代词或副词回归原位等。
三、动词时态型
【要点领悟】在有些语境试题中,说话者刚刚知道了某个情况,但却说“不知道”,这种不知道实际上是指在说话前的情形,因而谓语要用过去某个时态。如:
〖典型题例1〗Jim, I ________ you ________ here.
A. don’t know; areB. didn’t know; were
C. hadn’t known; had been D.haven’t known; were
〖解题思路〗 两人见面说话,肯定知道对方就在眼前。这里说不知道是指说话之前不知道,因而谓语要用过去式,答案为B。
2. — This is Zhao Hua speaking.
— I’m sorry. I ________ your voice.
A. don’t recognize B. didn’t recognize
C. haven’t recognized D. hadn’t recognized
〖解题思路〗 这是打电话的情景。对方已经告诉你他是谁,你说“没有辨认出他的声音”是指说话前的情况,因此谓语动词要用一般过去式。故答案为B。
3. — Hey, look where you are going?
— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. ________.
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
〖解题思路〗 当别人提醒你后,你应该知道走到了什么地方。这里所说的没有注意,也是指说话前的情况,因此谓语要用过去某个时态,此题只有B适合情景。
四、虚拟语气型
【要点领悟】出于某个目的,说话者会有意说出与事实相反的话来,这时,谓语动词就要用虚拟语气。遇到这类试题,就要按照虚拟语气的不同情形去处理谓语形式。如:
〖典型题例1〗 When a chopstick is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________.
A. breaks B. has broken
C. were brokenD. had been broken
〖解题思路〗筷子放入水中,看起来像是被折断一样,这是光的折射现象,筷子并没有被折断,这是与事实相反的说法,因此谓语动词要用虚拟语气。当as if从句表示与现在情况相反时,谓语用过去式,be用were,故选C。
2. We were really anxious about you. You ________ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
〖解题思路〗事实是对方(you)没有留下一句话就离家出走了。而现在说“你不应该不留一句话就离家出走,是与实际情况相反的说法,表示说话者抱怨、责备等语气,因此要用虚拟语气,shouldn’t have left表示过去本来不应该离开,而实际上离开了。正合题意。
3. I didn’t meet Mr. Smith at the station. How l wish I ________ him.
A. had seen B. sawC. have seenD. was seeing
〖解题思路〗 事实是没有见到Smith先生,纯属表示一种愿望, 因此要用虚拟语气。表示对过去的愿望wish后面的宾语从句谓语用过去完成时形式,故答案为A。
【现场过招】
1. —Did the train arrive in time?
— No. it ________ two hours ago.
A. must have arrived B. ought to have arrived
C. must arrive D. ought to arrive
2.— ________ the lecture might be put off.—Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told
C. I’m told D. I told
3.I’m very glad to see the problem________.
A. settle B. settledC. being settled D. settling
4.Please tell me the way you thought of ________ the children.
A. look after B. to look after
C. looking after D. looked after
5.________ is it ________ has made John ________ he is today?
A. What; that; that B. That; that; what
C. What; what; that D. What; that; what
6.We ________ last night, but we went to the concert instead.
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
7.— You agreed to go, so why aren’t you getting ready?— But I ______ that you ______ me to start at once.
A. don’t realize, wantB.don’t realize; wanted
C. haven’t realized; want D.didn’t realize; wanted
8.He was very proud and was not used ________ to like that.
A. to being spoken B.to be spoken
C. being spoken D. to speak
9.— Mother will come tomorrow.
— Oh, I _____. I _____ that she ____ today.
A. don’t know; think; will come
B. know; think; comes
C. didn’t know; thought; was coming
D. knew; thought; will come
10.What do you imagine ______ to Jim last weekend?
A.happened B. has happened
C. happening D. to happen
答案及简析:
1.B火车过去本来应该两小时前到站,实际晚点了。
2.Btell须带一个指人的宾语,现在没有,句子的主语是其承受者;由于说话前就被人告知,现在还记得,因此要用现在完成时。
3.B看见问题被人解决了,用过去分词表被动和表示完成。
4.Byou thought of是定语从句,移去不看,可知在way后面常接不定式做定语。
5.C此题是强调句型的疑问式,变为普通的肯定句型是:What has made John what he is today。题意为:是什么使得John成为今天这副模样?
6.C与过去事实相反的说法。题意为:昨天晚上我们本来应该学习,可是去听音乐会了。
7.D说话时已知道要立刻出发,所说的没有意识到是说话前的情况。
8. A题中有be used to doing sth. 表示“习惯做某事”,speak to sb.表示“对某人讲话”,to没有宾语,句子的主语是其承受者,因此,用—ing的被动式。
9. C对方已告诉说话者母亲明天来,而他说他不知道,以为是今天来,都是说话前的情形。均用谓语动词一般过去式。
10. A此题易误选C,因为imagine后接动词用—ing形式。其实do you imagine是插入成分,把它移开,试题结构就清楚了。
一、被动语态型
【要点领悟】 遇到谓语动词语态形式的试题时,要注意动词是不是及物动词,因为及物动词后面必须带宾语。如果没有带宾语,就意味着宾语去做主语了,即主语承受动词的动作。因此,谓语动词要用被动式。如:
〖典型题例1〗 The students to touch anything in the chemical lab unless the teacher asks them to.
A. aren’t allowed
B. don’t allow
C. haven’t allowed
D. won’t allow
〖解题思路〗 allow为及物动词,其句型为allow sb. to do sth.,现在allow后面没有指人的宾语(sb.),句子的主语就是动作的承受者,因此要用被动语态,答案为A。
及物动词以非谓语形式出现时,也要看其后有没有宾语,如果没有,那么它的逻辑主语就是其动作的承受者,就要选择具有被动意义的非谓语形式。如:
2. The girl went to the party without ________.
A. inviting B. being invited
C.to be invited D. invited
〖解题思路〗 句子已有谓语动词went,invite只能用非谓语形式,在介词without后面只能用—ing形式,判断用哪种非谓语形式是解题的第一步。第二步是判断用主动式还是被动式。invite为及物动词,后面应接“人”做宾语,现在没有宾语,在逻辑上句子的主语the girl是其宾语,因此,invite要用具有被动意义的形式, 具有被动意义的选项有B、C和D。综合分析,invite既要用—ing形式又要用被动式,答案就是B。
3. ________ from the tower at night, the city looks more beautiful.
A. is seen B. seeingC. being seen D. seen
〖解题思路〗 see为及物动词,后面没有带宾语,它的逻辑宾语就是句子的主语the city,因此要用被动式。具有被动意义的选项有A、C和D。根据句子结构,不能用谓语形式做状语,要用非谓语形式做状语,表示时间或条件, 故排除A。由于在时间上,see动作应在look动作之前发生,具有完成意义, 因而要用既能表完成又能表被动的选项D,因为过去分词具有这样的双重意义。
注意:在某些情况下,可用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
This problem is worth discussing. 这个问题值得讨论。(主语problem是discuss的承受者)
Your car wants / needs repairing. 你的车子需要维修了。(want和need表示“需要”,主语car是repair的承受者)
二、句子结构型
【要点领悟】遇到结构复杂的试题时,可通过移动某些词语的位置,或变换一下句型,就可以看清楚句子的本来结构,从而使题意清楚,答案明确。如:
〖典型题例1〗The play brought the hours back to me ________ I had worked in a far—away farm.
A. until B. that C. when D. where
〖解题思路〗 答案为C。空后是一个完整的句子结构,做什么从句,一时很难看出,如果把它移到hours后面,就会发现它是定语从句,修饰hours,修饰时间名词,不能用where,而要用when,因从句中不缺主语或宾语,不能用that引导从句。题中hours指“一段时间”,bring sth. back to sb.意为“使用某人回忆起某事”。题意为:“这出戏使我想起了我在一个遥远的农场干活的那段时光”。
2. The young man has spent as much time as he could ________ English.
A. learn B. to learn C. learning D. done
〖解题思路〗 此题易误选A,认为could后只能接动词原形。如果变通一下试题结构:as he could是一个比较状语从句,could后省去前面出现过的动词spend,如果把这个比较结构移开不看,就会清楚的看出,后面要用带to的不定式作目的状语,故选B。题意可理解为:这个年轻人花了他所能花的时间学习英语。
3. My aunt was disappointed to see the washing machine she ________ went wrong again.
A. had repairedB. had had repaired
C. repairedD. had had repairing
〖解题思路〗 答案选B,这似乎使人难以接受。变通一下试题结构:…machine( that) she had had repaired...,画线部分是定语从句修饰machine。还变通一下定语从句的结构:she had had that(machine)repaired,其句型是have sth. done,为什么动词have要用had had呢?这是因为have动词动作发生在was或went之前,属“过去的过去”的动作,要用过去完成时。
4. It was four hours ________ the meeting lasted.
A. whenB. that C. before D. since
〖解题思路〗 此题易误选C或D。因为有这样的句型:It be + 一段时间+ before / since从句。 其实答案是B, 这是一个强调句型,可变换为普通句型:The meeting lasted four hours。
注意:变通的基本方式有:变特殊问句为陈述句、变强调句型为普通句型、引导定语从句的关系代词或副词回归原位等。
三、动词时态型
【要点领悟】在有些语境试题中,说话者刚刚知道了某个情况,但却说“不知道”,这种不知道实际上是指在说话前的情形,因而谓语要用过去某个时态。如:
〖典型题例1〗Jim, I ________ you ________ here.
A. don’t know; areB. didn’t know; were
C. hadn’t known; had been D.haven’t known; were
〖解题思路〗 两人见面说话,肯定知道对方就在眼前。这里说不知道是指说话之前不知道,因而谓语要用过去式,答案为B。
2. — This is Zhao Hua speaking.
— I’m sorry. I ________ your voice.
A. don’t recognize B. didn’t recognize
C. haven’t recognized D. hadn’t recognized
〖解题思路〗 这是打电话的情景。对方已经告诉你他是谁,你说“没有辨认出他的声音”是指说话前的情况,因此谓语动词要用一般过去式。故答案为B。
3. — Hey, look where you are going?
— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. ________.
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
〖解题思路〗 当别人提醒你后,你应该知道走到了什么地方。这里所说的没有注意,也是指说话前的情况,因此谓语要用过去某个时态,此题只有B适合情景。
四、虚拟语气型
【要点领悟】出于某个目的,说话者会有意说出与事实相反的话来,这时,谓语动词就要用虚拟语气。遇到这类试题,就要按照虚拟语气的不同情形去处理谓语形式。如:
〖典型题例1〗 When a chopstick is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________.
A. breaks B. has broken
C. were brokenD. had been broken
〖解题思路〗筷子放入水中,看起来像是被折断一样,这是光的折射现象,筷子并没有被折断,这是与事实相反的说法,因此谓语动词要用虚拟语气。当as if从句表示与现在情况相反时,谓语用过去式,be用were,故选C。
2. We were really anxious about you. You ________ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
〖解题思路〗事实是对方(you)没有留下一句话就离家出走了。而现在说“你不应该不留一句话就离家出走,是与实际情况相反的说法,表示说话者抱怨、责备等语气,因此要用虚拟语气,shouldn’t have left表示过去本来不应该离开,而实际上离开了。正合题意。
3. I didn’t meet Mr. Smith at the station. How l wish I ________ him.
A. had seen B. sawC. have seenD. was seeing
〖解题思路〗 事实是没有见到Smith先生,纯属表示一种愿望, 因此要用虚拟语气。表示对过去的愿望wish后面的宾语从句谓语用过去完成时形式,故答案为A。
【现场过招】
1. —Did the train arrive in time?
— No. it ________ two hours ago.
A. must have arrived B. ought to have arrived
C. must arrive D. ought to arrive
2.— ________ the lecture might be put off.—Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told
C. I’m told D. I told
3.I’m very glad to see the problem________.
A. settle B. settledC. being settled D. settling
4.Please tell me the way you thought of ________ the children.
A. look after B. to look after
C. looking after D. looked after
5.________ is it ________ has made John ________ he is today?
A. What; that; that B. That; that; what
C. What; what; that D. What; that; what
6.We ________ last night, but we went to the concert instead.
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
7.— You agreed to go, so why aren’t you getting ready?— But I ______ that you ______ me to start at once.
A. don’t realize, wantB.don’t realize; wanted
C. haven’t realized; want D.didn’t realize; wanted
8.He was very proud and was not used ________ to like that.
A. to being spoken B.to be spoken
C. being spoken D. to speak
9.— Mother will come tomorrow.
— Oh, I _____. I _____ that she ____ today.
A. don’t know; think; will come
B. know; think; comes
C. didn’t know; thought; was coming
D. knew; thought; will come
10.What do you imagine ______ to Jim last weekend?
A.happened B. has happened
C. happening D. to happen
答案及简析:
1.B火车过去本来应该两小时前到站,实际晚点了。
2.Btell须带一个指人的宾语,现在没有,句子的主语是其承受者;由于说话前就被人告知,现在还记得,因此要用现在完成时。
3.B看见问题被人解决了,用过去分词表被动和表示完成。
4.Byou thought of是定语从句,移去不看,可知在way后面常接不定式做定语。
5.C此题是强调句型的疑问式,变为普通的肯定句型是:What has made John what he is today。题意为:是什么使得John成为今天这副模样?
6.C与过去事实相反的说法。题意为:昨天晚上我们本来应该学习,可是去听音乐会了。
7.D说话时已知道要立刻出发,所说的没有意识到是说话前的情况。
8. A题中有be used to doing sth. 表示“习惯做某事”,speak to sb.表示“对某人讲话”,to没有宾语,句子的主语是其承受者,因此,用—ing的被动式。
9. C对方已告诉说话者母亲明天来,而他说他不知道,以为是今天来,都是说话前的情形。均用谓语动词一般过去式。
10. A此题易误选C,因为imagine后接动词用—ing形式。其实do you imagine是插入成分,把它移开,试题结构就清楚了。