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虚拟水是指在产品生产过程中消费的水资源量,其贸易和消费的研究是这一概念应用的两个主要方向。在现有研究基础上,总结出基于投入产出分析技术的虚拟水贸易及消费的计算模型,并同时提出水足迹的计算模型。利用2002年中国投入产出表计算了当年中国的直接用水系数、虚拟水含量、最终消费的虚拟水量、水足迹以及虚拟水的进出口贸易量等指标。结果显示我国农业及电力热力、燃气和水的生产供应业是虚拟水直接系数和虚拟水含量最大的两个部门,其它部门的虚拟水含量均以间接系数为主,尤以轻工业的5个部门较大;农业最终需求相对较小而虚拟水消费相对较大,服务业则相反,而工业因为最终需求较大导致虚拟水消费较大;我国城镇居民的水足迹明显高于农村,总体人均水足迹约5倍于人均生活用水量;我国是一个虚拟水的净出口国,虚拟水的净出口主要集中在轻工业和服务业上。最后针对以上结果提出了一些建议。
Virtual water refers to the amount of water it consumes in the production of products. Its trade and consumption studies are the two main directions to which this concept applies. Based on the existing research, the calculation model of virtual water trade and consumption based on input-output analysis is summarized, and the calculation model of water footprint is put forward at the same time. Based on China’s input-output table in 2002, indicators such as direct water use coefficient, virtual water content, final consumption of virtual water, water footprint and import and export volume of virtual water in China were calculated. The results show that the production and supply of agriculture, electricity and heat, gas and water in our country are the two departments with the largest direct virtual water and virtual water content. The other departments are dominated by indirect coefficients, especially in the five sectors of light industry The final demand of agriculture is relatively small while the consumption of virtual water is relatively large while the service industry is the opposite while the industry consumes more virtual water due to the greater final demand. The water footprint of urban residents in China is obviously higher than that in rural areas. The average per capita water consumption Footprint is about 5 times the average domestic water consumption; our country is a net exporter of virtual water, and net exports of virtual water are mainly concentrated in light industry and service industries. Finally, some suggestions are put forward according to the above results.