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(一) 什么是关税及贸易总协定?简而言之,关税及贸易总协定(GATT)是一项关税和贸易准则的多边国际协定,又是多边贸易谈判和解决贸易争端的依据,它与国际货币基金组织和世界银行是协调当代世界经济的三大经济支柱。关贸总协定于1948年1月生效。当时有23个国家(包括中国)签约,至今40多年,参加关贸总协定的国家和地区已达103个,其中70％是发展中国家,世界贸易90％以上是在关贸总协定缔约方之间进行的,还延伸到服务贸易、知识产权、保护和投资措施,成为几乎无所不包的国际经济组织。
(a) What is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade? In short, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral international agreement on tariffs and trade standards, and it is also the basis for multilateral trade negotiations and the settlement of trade disputes. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are the three major economic pillars that coordinate the contemporary world economy. The GATT entered into force in January 1948. At that time, 23 countries (including China) signed contracts. For more than 40 years now, 103 countries and regions have participated in the GATT, 70% of which are developing countries, and over 90% of world trade is in GATT parties. It also extends to service trade, intellectual property, protection and investment measures and becomes an almost universal international economic organization.