论文部分内容阅读
运动技能对运动员赛场发挥及优异表现具有决定性作用,在运动训练和体育教学实践中也是核心要素。虽然长期以来对运动技能有多种不同的分类方式,但所有运动技能大体上可以分为开放式和封闭式运动技能。基于此,本文主要论述三个问题:(1)解释开放式和封闭式运动技能各自的特征;(2)论述开放式和封闭式运动技能的训练要点;(3)根据两种不同技能分类,介绍心理准备的方法,使运动员在比赛中取得最佳成绩。开放式运动技能要求运动员必须根据外界刺激做出快速决断,快速反应时间至关重要。运动员的动作应集中于结果而不是过程,因此,运动员可以自由选择任何形式的技能来完成特定任务。另外,开放式运动技能还应有很大的创造性和准确性。与此相反,封闭式运动技能允许运动员有相对充足的决策或判断时间,竞争环境稳定、可预测,且规则和评判运动技能的标准也是预定的。更为重要的是,封闭式运动技能强调技能的完美表现。开放式和封闭式运动技能的执行是通过两个不同的神经肌肉系统:闭环神经控制系统和开环神经控制系统。依据动作技能的不同特征和控制系统,在训练中应具有针对性。开放式运动技能应培养运动员快速决策能力,使运动员在执行运动技能时采取尽可能快的行动,同时,还应对技能的准确性进行重点训练。在科学的训练过程中,应使运动员拥有最大限度的技能贮备以应对竞赛中的不同状况。需要指出的是,开放式运动技能的训练或学习应强调结果而不是过程。封闭式运动技能的训练应强调在规则和技能标准的范畴内最大限度保证动作技能完成的准确性,在此基础之上进行重复训练,追求技能的完美表现。训练中还应重点对运动员的注意力进行强化。开放式运动技能的心理准备要点包括认知竞赛动态性的本质、了解敌我双方的优劣势、与队友在比赛中有效沟通、实施有效的激励策略、建立运动员自信。封闭式运动技能的心理准备要点包括动作执行之前进行充分的决策、认知运动技能的生物力学特征、根据运动技能的难易准确有效控制发力程度、运动技能表现应确保具有高度的一致性和准确性、充分重视运动技能之间的衔接和转换、高度集中注意力进而有效排除运动技能执行过程中的干扰因素。
Athletic skills play a decisive role in the performance and excellent performance of the athletes, and are also the core elements in sports training and physical education practice. Although there are many different ways of categorizing motor skills for a long time, all motor skills can generally be divided into open and closed motor skills. Based on this, this article mainly discusses three issues: (1) to explain the characteristics of open and closed sports skills; (2) to discuss the training points of open and closed sports skills; (3) According to two different skill categories, Introduce the method of psychological preparation so that athletes achieve the best result in the competition. Open sports skills require athletes to make rapid decisions based on external stimuli, rapid response time is crucial. Athletes should focus on the results rather than the process, so the athletes are free to choose any form of skills to accomplish specific tasks. In addition, open sports skills should also be a lot of creativity and accuracy. In contrast, closed athletic skills allow athletes to have relatively adequate decisions or judgments over time, a stable and predictable competitive environment, and a standardized set of rules and skills to judge motor skills. More importantly, closed-end exercise skills emphasize the perfect performance of skills. Open and closed motor skills are performed through two distinct neuromuscular systems: a closed-loop neural control system and an open-loop neural control system. According to the different characteristics of motor skills and control system, training should be targeted. Open sports skills should cultivate athletes rapid decision-making ability, so that athletes in the implementation of motor skills to take the fastest possible action, but also should focus on the accuracy of skills training. During scientific training, athletes should be given the maximum amount of skill to meet different situations in the competition. It should be noted that the training or learning of open motor skills should emphasize outcomes rather than processes. Training of closed motor skills should emphasize the accuracy of the performance of motor skills to the maximum extent possible within the scope of the rules and skills standards. Based on this, repetitive training should be pursued to pursue the perfect performance of skills. Training should also focus on strengthening the athlete’s attention. Psychological preparation of open sports skills include cognitive contest dynamic nature, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of both sides of the enemy and the enemy, communicate effectively with teammates in the competition, the implementation of effective incentive strategies, the establishment of self-confidence athletes. Psychological preparation of closed-end exercise skills, including the implementation of the action before the full decision-making, cognitive biomechanical features of motor skills, based on the difficulty of motor skills and effective control of force level, exercise performance should ensure a high degree of consistency and Accuracy, pay full attention to the connection and transformation between motor skills, a high degree of concentration and thus effectively eliminate the interference of motor skills in the implementation process.