一 產生‘商鞅變法’的原因春秋戰国间是中国历史上的一個大轉變时期。在這個历史轉變的進程中,起着主要的推動作用的,是當時勞動人民所進行的生產鬥爭和階级鬥爭。由於這期间勞動人民在生產鬥爭中得到了较大的成就,使生產力有了較速的發展。這時冶鐵技術已有相當進步,由於冶鐵鼓风爐的改進,所冶煉出來的鐵,已經不是軟綿狀態的‘鍛鐵’(熟鐵)塊,而是液体的‘鑄鐵’(生铁)了。冶鐵技術這樣的進步,對於改進生產工具是有决定意義的。隨着生產工具的進步,生產技術也有着提高,無論农業和手工業的生產都有着較大的發展。隨着生產力的發展,社會分工日益細密,商品的交換也較前發展了。不僅较大的商業城市陸续兴起,铸造的貨幣比較廣泛的流通,商人垄斷市场的情况也出現了,有靠囤积投機而成巨富的,也有由经营鹽鐵等大手工業 A Reason for the Formation of the Shang Yang Reform The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period is a period of great change in Chinese history. In this course of historical change, which played a major role in promoting the productive and class struggles of the working people at the time. Due to the great achievements made by the working people in the struggle for production during this period, the productive forces have enjoyed a relatively rapid development. At this time, the technology of smelting iron has made considerable progress. Due to the improvement of the smelting blast furnace, the iron smelted is no longer the ’wrought iron’ (soft iron) block in a soft state, but the liquid ’cast iron’ . Such advances in iron-smelting technology are decisive for improving production tools. With the progress of production tools, production technology has also been improved, both in agriculture and handicraft production have a greater development. With the development of productive forces, the division of labor in the society has become more and more elaborate, and the exchange of goods has also developed earlier. Not only the larger commercial city gradually emerged, the foundry currency circulated more widely, and the merchant monopolized the market also appeared. There was a wealth of speculation by hoarding,