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摘要:语气(mood)是一种动词形式,表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。语气通常可以分为直陈语气(indicativemood)、祈使语气(imperative mood)和虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)三种。本文就初中英语虚拟语气的学习进行阐述。
关键词:语法虚拟语气 用法
一、动词的语气简介
语气——表示说话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。在英语中,可用不同的动词形式表示说话的语气。动词的三种语气:
1.陈述语气——所表达的动作或状态是符合客现实的。e.g. Flowers blossom in the spring.He played the piano well.
2.祈使语气——表示号召、命令、请求、劝告等。e.g. Let us help you.Keep offthe grass.
3.虚拟语气——它是动词的一种特殊形式,与事实相反,表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、祝愿等,不是表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的,所以,掌握好虚拟语气所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键。e.g.If I were you ,I’d get there earlier.
二、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
虚拟语气用语简单句中时,一般表示祝愿、命令等,谓语动词要用动词原形。例如: 1. LonglivethePeoples'sRepublic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁!
2. May you succeed!祝你成功!(may用于句首表示祝愿)
3. May you be happy all your life !祝你终生幸福!
三、虚拟语气在条件条件句中的用法
虚拟语气条件句是谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑。虚拟语气条件句所用的谓语动词的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等只表示不同的虚拟语气,与陈述语气的过去时、过去完成时等没有关系。具体情况如下:
1.表示与现在事实相反的情况
条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
例如:
①If I had more time,I should study Japanese.如果我有更多的时间,我就学日语。(事实是:如果我现在没有更多的时间,因此我没有学日语)
②.If I were you,I should stay at home.
③.If the peasants could farm the land themselves,food production would be much higher.
④.If fewer cash crops were grown,more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation.
2.表示与过去事实相反的情况
条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
例如:
①If you had worked hard,you wouldn’t have failed the exam.如果你早用功,你就不至于考试不及格了。(事实是:你早没有用功,所以考试失败了)
②If you had come yesterday,you would have met him.
③If the hurricane had happened during the daytime,there would have been many deaths.
3.表示与将来事实相反的情况
条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
例如:①If it rained tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.如果明天下雨,我们的野餐就推迟。(事实是:最近天气很好,下雨的可能性不大。)
②If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.
③If it were to/should rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.
④If it should rain,the crops would be saved.
【注意】用虚拟语气表示条件的条件从句,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,但所表达的意义的侧重点不同。主句在前时,强调“结果”,从句在前时,强调“条件”。
四、虚拟语气用于宾语从句
"wish+宾语从句"表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为"可惜……"、"……就好了"、"悔不该……"、"但愿……"等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望,用"would(could)+动词原形";表示过去不能实现的愿望,用"had+过去分词"或"(could)would+have+过去分词"。
例如:①I wish we could go to the seaside today.
②I wish you told me earlier.
③We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
五、虚拟语气用于主语从句
在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用"should+动词原形"的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如:
It is necessary(important,natural,de-sirable,advisable,strange,etc.)that we should clean the room every day.
It was a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc.)that you should be so careless.
It will be desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
在上述三种主语从句中,should意为"应该"、"竟然",可以省去,但不可换用would。主句所用动词的时态不限。
【注意】:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇,that从句也可用陈述语气。例如:
It is strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can't swim.
六、虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用在"It is(high)time(that)..."句型中,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式,或"should+动词原形(should不能省略,be用were)"来表示,意为"(现在)该……"。例如:
It's time that I went and picked up my little girl from school.
It is high time we were going.
七、省略if的条件句的用法
在书面语中,如果条件句的谓语中有were,had或should等词,可以将if省略,但要把were,had或should放在句首来表示虚拟语气,在意义上与带有if的条件从句相同,例如:
1.Were I you,I would get up early erery morning.如果我是你,我就每天早晨锻炼。
2.Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday,you could have caught the train.如果你昨天早10分钟到达火车站,你就赶上火车了。
参考文献:
1、宋国柱 黄海 秦嗣敏 《新教材完全解读-九年级英语(新目标)上》 吉林人民出版社2006
2、薄冰 《英语语法手册-第五版》商务印书馆 2004.北京
关键词:语法虚拟语气 用法
一、动词的语气简介
语气——表示说话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。在英语中,可用不同的动词形式表示说话的语气。动词的三种语气:
1.陈述语气——所表达的动作或状态是符合客现实的。e.g. Flowers blossom in the spring.He played the piano well.
2.祈使语气——表示号召、命令、请求、劝告等。e.g. Let us help you.Keep offthe grass.
3.虚拟语气——它是动词的一种特殊形式,与事实相反,表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、祝愿等,不是表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的,所以,掌握好虚拟语气所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键。e.g.If I were you ,I’d get there earlier.
二、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
虚拟语气用语简单句中时,一般表示祝愿、命令等,谓语动词要用动词原形。例如: 1. LonglivethePeoples'sRepublic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁!
2. May you succeed!祝你成功!(may用于句首表示祝愿)
3. May you be happy all your life !祝你终生幸福!
三、虚拟语气在条件条件句中的用法
虚拟语气条件句是谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑。虚拟语气条件句所用的谓语动词的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等只表示不同的虚拟语气,与陈述语气的过去时、过去完成时等没有关系。具体情况如下:
1.表示与现在事实相反的情况
条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
例如:
①If I had more time,I should study Japanese.如果我有更多的时间,我就学日语。(事实是:如果我现在没有更多的时间,因此我没有学日语)
②.If I were you,I should stay at home.
③.If the peasants could farm the land themselves,food production would be much higher.
④.If fewer cash crops were grown,more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation.
2.表示与过去事实相反的情况
条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
例如:
①If you had worked hard,you wouldn’t have failed the exam.如果你早用功,你就不至于考试不及格了。(事实是:你早没有用功,所以考试失败了)
②If you had come yesterday,you would have met him.
③If the hurricane had happened during the daytime,there would have been many deaths.
3.表示与将来事实相反的情况
条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
例如:①If it rained tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.如果明天下雨,我们的野餐就推迟。(事实是:最近天气很好,下雨的可能性不大。)
②If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.
③If it were to/should rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.
④If it should rain,the crops would be saved.
【注意】用虚拟语气表示条件的条件从句,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,但所表达的意义的侧重点不同。主句在前时,强调“结果”,从句在前时,强调“条件”。
四、虚拟语气用于宾语从句
"wish+宾语从句"表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为"可惜……"、"……就好了"、"悔不该……"、"但愿……"等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望,用"would(could)+动词原形";表示过去不能实现的愿望,用"had+过去分词"或"(could)would+have+过去分词"。
例如:①I wish we could go to the seaside today.
②I wish you told me earlier.
③We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
五、虚拟语气用于主语从句
在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用"should+动词原形"的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如:
It is necessary(important,natural,de-sirable,advisable,strange,etc.)that we should clean the room every day.
It was a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc.)that you should be so careless.
It will be desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
在上述三种主语从句中,should意为"应该"、"竟然",可以省去,但不可换用would。主句所用动词的时态不限。
【注意】:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇,that从句也可用陈述语气。例如:
It is strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can't swim.
六、虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用在"It is(high)time(that)..."句型中,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式,或"should+动词原形(should不能省略,be用were)"来表示,意为"(现在)该……"。例如:
It's time that I went and picked up my little girl from school.
It is high time we were going.
七、省略if的条件句的用法
在书面语中,如果条件句的谓语中有were,had或should等词,可以将if省略,但要把were,had或should放在句首来表示虚拟语气,在意义上与带有if的条件从句相同,例如:
1.Were I you,I would get up early erery morning.如果我是你,我就每天早晨锻炼。
2.Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday,you could have caught the train.如果你昨天早10分钟到达火车站,你就赶上火车了。
参考文献:
1、宋国柱 黄海 秦嗣敏 《新教材完全解读-九年级英语(新目标)上》 吉林人民出版社2006
2、薄冰 《英语语法手册-第五版》商务印书馆 2004.北京