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对于领事保护的推动,就融合有政治与人权双重因素。当然,这一双重因素的影响又是随着历史的发展而有所不同的。尽管世界最早的领事保护实践可以追溯至古希腊城邦时期,而中国最早的领事保护实践却只能追溯至晚清时期。当时的清政府迫于内外压力,逐步转变对华侨的“叛民”、“罪民”和“弃民”等观念,从而展开了“立约保护”、“领事机关的调查与交涉”等形式(甚至还包括军舰巡航等军事方式)的领事保护。晚清政府领事保护的发展是与其华侨观念及政策的转变密切相关的。清政府华侨政策和领事保护的变化,根本上还是以巩固和发展清朝的统治为出发点的,政治因素在其中居于主导地位。这也就是“家国一体”型国家的局限性所在。
As for the promotion of consular protection, there are the dual factors of politics and human rights. Of course, the impact of this dual factor is different with the development of history. Although the world’s earliest practice of consular protection can be traced back to the ancient Greek city-states, the earliest practice of consular protection in China can only be traced back to the late Qing period. Under the pressure of internal and external pressure, the Qing government at that time gradually changed the concept of “rebel ”, “sinister ” and “renunciation ” to overseas Chinese so as to expand the “contractual protection”, “consular Organ investigation and representation ”and other forms of consular protection (including military means such as naval cruise). The development of the consular protection in the late Qing government was closely related to the change of the concept and policy of overseas Chinese. The changes of the overseas Chinese policy and the consular protection of the Qing government fundamentally still take the consolidation and development of the rule of the Qing Dynasty as the starting point, in which the political factors occupy the leading position. This is also the limitation of the “nation-in-one” type of state.