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牛膝为苋科牛膝属植物（AchyranthesBidentataBl）的根，又名怀牛膝。牛膝的野生种和同属植物柳叶牛膝（A．longfoliaMak）和粗毛膝（A．asPeraL）的根和根茎称为土牛膝。川牛膝用植物川牛膝（CyathulaofficinalisKuan）及头花蒽草（C．Capitata（wall）Moq）的根也作牛膝用。
Achyranthes is the root of Achyranthes BidentataBl, also known as Achyranthes bidentata. The roots and rhizomes of A. longfolia Mak and A. aspera L., the wild species of the Achyranthes bidentata and the same genus A. asperaL, are referred to as Achyranthes bidentata. The roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and C. Capitata (wall) Moq are also used for Achyranthes.