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目的 分析山东省某县8个村卫生室连续24个月的上呼吸道感染处方药物使用情况，总结农村地区的药物使用规律和趋势。方法 采用等距抽样法收集2015年3月至2017年2月门诊处方，运用线性回归等方法按月度对上呼吸道感染处方药物的种类及其趋势变化进行统计分析。结果 共收集4 359份上呼吸道感染门诊处方，抗菌药物的使用率呈下降趋势（β=-0.009，P<0.001），其中第三代头孢的使用率呈上升趋势（β=0.001，P=0.038）；中成药呈上升趋势（β=0.003，P=0.028）。15岁及以下、16~44岁、45~59岁和60岁及以上4个年龄组抗菌药物的处方使用率均呈下降趋势，同时，15岁及以下和60岁及以上分别在解热镇痛非甾体类抗炎药和糖皮质激素类药的应用上出现下降趋势。结论 山东省农村地区上呼吸道感染处方中抗菌药物的整体应用比例降低，中成药等替代药品应用增加。但是抗菌药物的使用占比仍处于较高水平，且以广谱抗菌药物为主。
Objective To analyze the use of prescription drugs for upper respiratory tract infection in clinics in 8 villages in a county of Shandong Province for 24 consecutive months and summarize the regularity and trend of drug use in rural areas. Methods The outpatient prescriptions from March 2015 to February 2017 were collected by using the equidistant sampling method. The types and trends of the prescription drugs in upper respiratory tract infection were statistically analyzed with the method of linear regression. Results A total of 4 359 outpatients with upper respiratory tract infections were collected, and the antimicrobial use rate showed a decreasing trend (β = -0.009, P <0.001). The utilization rate of third generation cephalosporins showed an upward trend (β = 0.001, P = 0.038 ); Proprietary Chinese medicine was an upward trend (β = 0.003, P = 0.028). Antibiotics use rates of 15 years old and below, 16 to 44 years old, 45 to 59 years old and 60 years old and over were all declining. Meanwhile, the prescriptions use rates of antimicrobial drugs at 15 years old and below and 60 years old and above were respectively decreased in antipyretic Pain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoid drugs appear on the decline. Conclusion The overall proportion of antimicrobial agents in upper respiratory tract infection in rural areas of Shandong Province is reduced, and the use of alternative medicines such as proprietary Chinese medicines is increasing. However, the proportion of the use of antimicrobial drugs is still at a high level, and is dominated by broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs.