论文部分内容阅读
肯尼思·艾若(Kenneth J. Arrow)是美国最享盛誉的经济学家,斯坦福大学教授,曾任肯尼迪总统经济顾问。因他在经济均衡和福利理论方面的贡献,1972年获诺贝尔奖。主要著作有《社会选择和个人价值》、《存货与生产的数学研究》、《线性与非线性计划研究》和《组织的极限》。1979年,作为美国经济学会成员,他访问了中国。本刊编委、普林斯顿大学经济研究室主任邹至庄(Gregory Chow)教授,在1980年来中国讲授数理经济的归途中访问了艾若教授。他们就中国的经济效率、价格政策、外汇汇率、农产品价格和经济人才培养等等问题,进行了深入的讨论。繁荣经济的中心问题是经济效率(=产出/投入)。为此必须有一个客观的、能够反映当时当地经济发展需求的价格(包括外汇汇率)来计算投入和产出。在此基础上,企业的效率可以用利润(=产出—投入)来衡量。为了以最少的投入为社会谋取最多的产出,企业要能够根据具体条件选购原料、选择和激励职工、调整产品规格品种,而不是盲目追求硬性的产值产量指标、生产大量销不出去的产品。这必须采用市场机制,扩大企业自主。如何在计划经济下采用市场机制、发展社会主义,是一个深刻的问题,马克思本人未及研究,苏联和东欧有过一些探讨。际此历史性的转变时期,艾若希望中国人及时研究经济学中关于资源配置、效率、边际分析,包括不确定性、信息流等等的理论和经验,深刻认清当前的变革在经济学上的深刻内涵,表达了他对中国现代化的关心和期望。
Kenneth J. Arrow is the most prestigious economist in the United States, a professor at Stanford University, and former President Kennedy’s economic adviser. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1972 for his contribution to the theory of economic equilibrium and welfare. Major works include “social choice and personal value”, “stock and production of mathematical research”, “linear and nonlinear program research” and “organizational limit.” In 1979, as a member of the American Economic Association, he visited China. Our editor-in-chief, Professor Gregory Chow, director of economic research at Princeton University, visited Professor Ai Ruo in his return to China in 1980 to teach the economy of numbers. They conducted in-depth discussions on China’s economic efficiency, price policy, foreign exchange rates, prices of agricultural products and training of economic personnel. The central issue in a prosperous economy is economic efficiency (= output / input). For this purpose, there must be an objective price (including foreign exchange rate) that can reflect the current local economic development needs to calculate inputs and outputs. On this basis, the efficiency of an enterprise can be measured by profit (= output - input). In order to maximize output for the society with the least investment, enterprises should be able to purchase raw materials according to specific conditions, select and motivate employees and adjust varieties of product specifications instead of blindly pursuing hard output and output indexes and producing large quantities of products that can not be sold . This must adopt a market mechanism to expand enterprise autonomy. How to apply market mechanism and develop socialism in a planned economy is a profound issue. Marx himself did not study and some discussions have been made between the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. In this historic period of change, Ai Ruo hope that the Chinese people in a timely manner study of economics on the allocation of resources, efficiency, marginal analysis, including uncertainty, information flow and so on the theory and experience, profound understanding of the current changes in economics On the profound connotation, expressed his concern and expectation of China’s modernization.