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苏联经济和西方工业化经济,在职业结构和劳动组织方面的相似之处已为人们所公认。劳动力从农业部门转移到工业制造业部门,体力劳动工人占劳动力的比例逐渐降低,都是这两种类型的经济工业化的特点。劳动在等级制度基础上进行组织;专业化与当局和上下级关系以及不同的报酬相关联。对于两种类型经济的这些共同的特点,观点不同的作者,解释的方式也不同。有些人用这些特点来进一步证实,在工业化进程中,会发生类似的趋向;按照这种观点,职业结构的变化反映出工业化进程的普遍特征。而另外一些作者则认为,相似的
The similarities between the Soviet economy and the industrialized economies of the West in terms of occupational structure and labor organization have been well recognized. The shift of the labor force from the agricultural sector to the industrial manufacturing sector and the reduction of the share of manual workers in the labor force are all characteristics of these two types of economic industrialization. Labor is organized on the basis of a hierarchy; specialization is associated with the authority and superior and subordinate relations and with different remuneration. For these common characteristics of the two types of economy, different viewers, interpretation of the way is different. Some use these features to further confirm that a similar trend takes place in the process of industrialization; according to this view, changes in occupational structure reflect the general characteristics of the process of industrialization. Others think similar