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1. establish, set up, put up, build
（1）establish“建立”、“建成”、“确立”，具有稳固而有秩序地“建成”的含义，兼指具体和抽象事物。
The company was established in 1860. 这家公司创办于一八六零年。
They established exchange programs with a number of universities abroad. 他们和国外许多大学确定了交流项目。
（2）set up表示“建立、建起、设立”时，是指把建筑、制度、机构、组织、企业等建立起来，往往强调起点。
When was this company set up? 这家公司是什么时候成立的？
A new government was set up after the war.
一个新政府在战后成立了。
（3）put up，表示“建造、搭起”的意思，put up与set up一样是不可分开使用的。put up指建造、搭起，大多指工程较小的施工，常用于口语。
Do you know how to put up a tent? 你知道怎么搭帐篷吗？
They will put up a monument in the middle of the park.
他们将在公园中心兴建一座纪念碑。
（4）build表示“建造、建设、建立”，指把部件、材料按一定设计建成物体，强调将分散的部件等组合在一起，也可用于抽象意义，跟简单宾语、双宾语、含有形容词的复合宾语。
A new road has been built in my hometown.
我的家乡修了一条新路。
The Crystal Palace was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. 水晶宫是为1851年的世界博览会在海德公园建造的。
2. bring, take, get, carry
这四个动词都有“带”、“拿”的意思。
（1）bring是“拿来，带来”的意思，方向表示“向我而来”，即向说话者而来。其后可跟双宾语。直接宾语也可以是抽象名词。常与from搭配，构成bring…from短语。
Please bring me a new pencil. 请给我拿支新铅笔来。
There is going to be a film in our school tonight. Bring your little sister with you. 今晚学校有电影，把你小妹妹带来。
Please bring your ID card from your home.
请从你家里把你的身份证带来。
（2）take是“拿走，带走”的意思，方向表示“离我而去”，即离说话人而去。同bring的方向正好相反。
Who has taken my pen? 谁拿走了我的钢笔？
Will this road take me to the station? 我走这条路能到车站吗？
（3）get是指去别处“拿来”，等于go and bring,表示一往一返双程动作。bring和take则表示单程动作。试比较：
When you come to school this afternoon, bring your notebook with you. 你下午来校时，把笔记本带来。
When you go home this afternoon, take your schoolbag with you.
下午放学回家时，把你的书包带走。
I’m going to get my child from the school. 我要到学校去接孩子。
The teacher said to a student, “Go to my office and get some chalk for me.” 老师对一个学生说：“到办公室给我拿几枝粉笔。”
（4）carry指随身携带，不特别表示带到什么地方，而携带的方式可以是“提、扛、背、抱、抬”等。
He was carrying a wooden box on his shoulder. 他扛着一个木箱。
The bus carried the passengers to the station.
公共汽车把乘客送到了火车站。
3. run out, run out of
run out意思是“用完了”，表示状况（=become used up其主语通常指时间，食物，金钱等名词）。例如：
His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花完了。
run out of意思是“用完了”，表示主动行为，主语一般是指人。例如：
He is always running out of money before payday.
他老是发工资的日子还不到钱就花光了。
4. in the end, at last, finally
这三者都可以译为“最后”，但也有一定的区别。
（1）in the end表示事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”，有时可与finally互相换用，in the end还可用于预测将来。例如：
I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
我希望一切最终都会顺利。
In the end he found out all the secrets.
最后他终于把一切秘密都搞清楚了。
（2）at last表示经过一定曲折之后某事才发生，强调努力的结果，带有较强的感情色彩，须用过去时。例如：
Did the man in the shop understand him at last?
这位店员最后明白他的话了吗？
He thought and thought for many years. At last he had a good plan.
他想了很多年，终于想出了一个好计划。
（3）finally表示某一动作发生的顺序是在“最后”，无感情色彩，只用于过去时，它在句中的位置以在句首时为多。例如：
They talked about it for hours. Finally they decided not to go.
他们讨论了几个小时，最后决定不去。
After a lot of talk， Alice finally agreed to go home.
经过长时间谈话，艾丽斯终于同意回家。
5. please, pleased, pleasing, pleasant
please动词，用于祈使句中表示“请”，还可以用作一般动词，表示“使满意”的意思。
Please bring your book to me. 请把你的书带给我。
It’s difficult to please everybody. 很难使每个人都满意。
pleased, pleasing, pleasant是动词please的派生词。主要用法如下：
（1）pleased指对某人或某事感到满意，含有被动意味，主语往往是人，常作表语。
I’m pleased to meet you. 认识您我非常高兴。
I’m very pleased you’ve decided to come. 你们决定来，我非常高兴。
（2）pleasing用来指人时，表示能取悦于他人，指物时，表示清淡秀美、妩媚动人，含有主动的意味。
He is a pleasing young man. 他是个讨人喜欢的年轻人。
She was very pleasing in her appearance. 她外表非常讨人喜欢。
（3）pleasant指具体人或事因其令人高兴的外表或气质而使人愉快。
Your mother is a very pleasant person to live with.
同你母亲住在一起非常愉快。
We had a pleasant vacation. 我们度过了一个非常愉快的假期。
6. invent, discover
（1）invent发明，发明的对象是以前没有的新东西，如工具，手段或方法。例如：
Edison invented the electric light bulb. 爱迪生发明了电灯泡。
（2）discover发现，指发现的对象是本来存在的，只是以前不知道而已，也可指发现新奇、意外之物或发现某种情况。例如：
Columbus discovered America in 1492. 哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
7. mistake, error, wrong, fault
都有“错误”的意思。mistake作名词时，是“错误”的意思，指日常生活中判断和看法的错误；error指违反某一标准做的错事，包括道德上的错误；wrong作名词时，指“坏事、冤屈、不道德、犯罪”；fault指“过失的责任或性格上的弱点”。例如：
I took your umbrella by mistake.我错拿了你的雨伞。
He can’t forget the error of his youth.
他忘不了他年轻时犯的错误。
Two wrongs do not make a right.两个错误不等于一个正确。
It is my fault that we are late.我们迟到了，责任在我。
8. on time, in time
on time的意思是“准时”，“按时”，指正好在规定的时间内。in time的意思是“及时”，指按照预定的时间行事，不迟，尚有时间可做些别的事情。另外，in time后面可接介词for，on time则不能这样用。试比较：
The train arrived at the station on time. 火车准时到达。
You’re just in time for the football match. 你正好赶上足球比赛。
The baby was badly ill. Luckily the doctor came in time. He was saved. 婴儿病得很重。幸好医生及时赶到，他得救了。
9. answer, reply, respond
这三个词都可以表示“回答”,意义有所不同：
（1）answer用法较广泛，可指口说或笔写的答复。例如：
I called, but no one answered. 我叫了，可是没人回答。
（2）reply指较正式的，经过考虑后的答复。例如：
I sent in my application, and the university replied immediately.
我把申请书寄去，那所大学立即答复了。
（3）respond在表示“回答”时用的较少，指正式的，毫不踌躇的答复。例如：
When we requested the information, the chairman responded.
当我们询问情况时，主席作了答复。
另外，指“回答某人问题”时，它们的搭配也不同。
answer vt. answer sb., reply为reply to sb.或reply that从句, respond没有这种情况。例如：
I asked some questions, and my teacher answered me.
我问了些问题，老师回答了。
The chairman needs to reply to the workers.
主席需要回答工人们的问题。
跟踪练习：根据句意用所给词语的适当形式完成句子。
1. establish, set up, put up, build
①Our neighbours ____ their walls high.
②They are ____ several high buildings on our street.
③We’ll ____ a complete industrial system soon.
④The club has ____ a new rule allowing women to join.
2. bring, take, get, carry
①May I ____ this book home?
②She ____ a baby in her arms.
③Will you please ____ me a new pencil?
④Yesterday he ____ the box to the station.
⑤Please ____ me a book from the next room.
⑥Next time you come, ____ your daughter.
⑦The mother told her boy to ____ a note to the teacher and ____ home a reply.
3. run out, run out of
His money ____ this morning.
A. run out ofB. ran out ofC. run outD. ran out
4. in the end, at last, finally
We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up ____ and walked home.
A. at the beginning B. in the end
C. at first D. at least
5. please, pleased, pleasing, pleasant
①I am ____ that you have a new job.
②Will you ____ give me that book?
③She returned him a ____ smile.
④He is ____ with his new job.
⑤Come and stay as long as you ____.
⑥It is ____ for us to go on an outing on such a fine day.
6. on time, in time
①We must finish it ____.
②I was just ____ for the last bus.
③The film began ____.
④You must come and renew the book if you can’t finish it ____.
⑤She was ____ for the bus.
7. answer, reply, respond
①I don’t ____ him.
②He ____ that he had finished the work.
③She ____ to my letter with a phone call.
④I have not yet ____ to his letter.
Keys:1.①built ②putting up/setting up ③set up ④established 2.①take ②carried ③bring ④took ⑤get ⑥bring ⑦take, bring 3.D 4.B 5.①pleased ②please ③pleasing ④pleased ⑤please ⑥pleasant 6.①on time ②in time③on time ④in time ⑤in time 7.①answer ②answered/replied ③responded④replied
（1）establish“建立”、“建成”、“确立”，具有稳固而有秩序地“建成”的含义，兼指具体和抽象事物。
The company was established in 1860. 这家公司创办于一八六零年。
They established exchange programs with a number of universities abroad. 他们和国外许多大学确定了交流项目。
（2）set up表示“建立、建起、设立”时，是指把建筑、制度、机构、组织、企业等建立起来，往往强调起点。
When was this company set up? 这家公司是什么时候成立的？
A new government was set up after the war.
一个新政府在战后成立了。
（3）put up，表示“建造、搭起”的意思，put up与set up一样是不可分开使用的。put up指建造、搭起，大多指工程较小的施工，常用于口语。
Do you know how to put up a tent? 你知道怎么搭帐篷吗？
They will put up a monument in the middle of the park.
他们将在公园中心兴建一座纪念碑。
（4）build表示“建造、建设、建立”，指把部件、材料按一定设计建成物体，强调将分散的部件等组合在一起，也可用于抽象意义，跟简单宾语、双宾语、含有形容词的复合宾语。
A new road has been built in my hometown.
我的家乡修了一条新路。
The Crystal Palace was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. 水晶宫是为1851年的世界博览会在海德公园建造的。
2. bring, take, get, carry
这四个动词都有“带”、“拿”的意思。
（1）bring是“拿来，带来”的意思，方向表示“向我而来”，即向说话者而来。其后可跟双宾语。直接宾语也可以是抽象名词。常与from搭配，构成bring…from短语。
Please bring me a new pencil. 请给我拿支新铅笔来。
There is going to be a film in our school tonight. Bring your little sister with you. 今晚学校有电影，把你小妹妹带来。
Please bring your ID card from your home.
请从你家里把你的身份证带来。
（2）take是“拿走，带走”的意思，方向表示“离我而去”，即离说话人而去。同bring的方向正好相反。
Who has taken my pen? 谁拿走了我的钢笔？
Will this road take me to the station? 我走这条路能到车站吗？
（3）get是指去别处“拿来”，等于go and bring,表示一往一返双程动作。bring和take则表示单程动作。试比较：
When you come to school this afternoon, bring your notebook with you. 你下午来校时，把笔记本带来。
When you go home this afternoon, take your schoolbag with you.
下午放学回家时，把你的书包带走。
I’m going to get my child from the school. 我要到学校去接孩子。
The teacher said to a student, “Go to my office and get some chalk for me.” 老师对一个学生说：“到办公室给我拿几枝粉笔。”
（4）carry指随身携带，不特别表示带到什么地方，而携带的方式可以是“提、扛、背、抱、抬”等。
He was carrying a wooden box on his shoulder. 他扛着一个木箱。
The bus carried the passengers to the station.
公共汽车把乘客送到了火车站。
3. run out, run out of
run out意思是“用完了”，表示状况（=become used up其主语通常指时间，食物，金钱等名词）。例如：
His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花完了。
run out of意思是“用完了”，表示主动行为，主语一般是指人。例如：
He is always running out of money before payday.
他老是发工资的日子还不到钱就花光了。
4. in the end, at last, finally
这三者都可以译为“最后”，但也有一定的区别。
（1）in the end表示事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”，有时可与finally互相换用，in the end还可用于预测将来。例如：
I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
我希望一切最终都会顺利。
In the end he found out all the secrets.
最后他终于把一切秘密都搞清楚了。
（2）at last表示经过一定曲折之后某事才发生，强调努力的结果，带有较强的感情色彩，须用过去时。例如：
Did the man in the shop understand him at last?
这位店员最后明白他的话了吗？
He thought and thought for many years. At last he had a good plan.
他想了很多年，终于想出了一个好计划。
（3）finally表示某一动作发生的顺序是在“最后”，无感情色彩，只用于过去时，它在句中的位置以在句首时为多。例如：
They talked about it for hours. Finally they decided not to go.
他们讨论了几个小时，最后决定不去。
After a lot of talk， Alice finally agreed to go home.
经过长时间谈话，艾丽斯终于同意回家。
5. please, pleased, pleasing, pleasant
please动词，用于祈使句中表示“请”，还可以用作一般动词，表示“使满意”的意思。
Please bring your book to me. 请把你的书带给我。
It’s difficult to please everybody. 很难使每个人都满意。
pleased, pleasing, pleasant是动词please的派生词。主要用法如下：
（1）pleased指对某人或某事感到满意，含有被动意味，主语往往是人，常作表语。
I’m pleased to meet you. 认识您我非常高兴。
I’m very pleased you’ve decided to come. 你们决定来，我非常高兴。
（2）pleasing用来指人时，表示能取悦于他人，指物时，表示清淡秀美、妩媚动人，含有主动的意味。
He is a pleasing young man. 他是个讨人喜欢的年轻人。
She was very pleasing in her appearance. 她外表非常讨人喜欢。
（3）pleasant指具体人或事因其令人高兴的外表或气质而使人愉快。
Your mother is a very pleasant person to live with.
同你母亲住在一起非常愉快。
We had a pleasant vacation. 我们度过了一个非常愉快的假期。
6. invent, discover
（1）invent发明，发明的对象是以前没有的新东西，如工具，手段或方法。例如：
Edison invented the electric light bulb. 爱迪生发明了电灯泡。
（2）discover发现，指发现的对象是本来存在的，只是以前不知道而已，也可指发现新奇、意外之物或发现某种情况。例如：
Columbus discovered America in 1492. 哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
7. mistake, error, wrong, fault
都有“错误”的意思。mistake作名词时，是“错误”的意思，指日常生活中判断和看法的错误；error指违反某一标准做的错事，包括道德上的错误；wrong作名词时，指“坏事、冤屈、不道德、犯罪”；fault指“过失的责任或性格上的弱点”。例如：
I took your umbrella by mistake.我错拿了你的雨伞。
He can’t forget the error of his youth.
他忘不了他年轻时犯的错误。
Two wrongs do not make a right.两个错误不等于一个正确。
It is my fault that we are late.我们迟到了，责任在我。
8. on time, in time
on time的意思是“准时”，“按时”，指正好在规定的时间内。in time的意思是“及时”，指按照预定的时间行事，不迟，尚有时间可做些别的事情。另外，in time后面可接介词for，on time则不能这样用。试比较：
The train arrived at the station on time. 火车准时到达。
You’re just in time for the football match. 你正好赶上足球比赛。
The baby was badly ill. Luckily the doctor came in time. He was saved. 婴儿病得很重。幸好医生及时赶到，他得救了。
9. answer, reply, respond
这三个词都可以表示“回答”,意义有所不同：
（1）answer用法较广泛，可指口说或笔写的答复。例如：
I called, but no one answered. 我叫了，可是没人回答。
（2）reply指较正式的，经过考虑后的答复。例如：
I sent in my application, and the university replied immediately.
我把申请书寄去，那所大学立即答复了。
（3）respond在表示“回答”时用的较少，指正式的，毫不踌躇的答复。例如：
When we requested the information, the chairman responded.
当我们询问情况时，主席作了答复。
另外，指“回答某人问题”时，它们的搭配也不同。
answer vt. answer sb., reply为reply to sb.或reply that从句, respond没有这种情况。例如：
I asked some questions, and my teacher answered me.
我问了些问题，老师回答了。
The chairman needs to reply to the workers.
主席需要回答工人们的问题。
跟踪练习：根据句意用所给词语的适当形式完成句子。
1. establish, set up, put up, build
①Our neighbours ____ their walls high.
②They are ____ several high buildings on our street.
③We’ll ____ a complete industrial system soon.
④The club has ____ a new rule allowing women to join.
2. bring, take, get, carry
①May I ____ this book home?
②She ____ a baby in her arms.
③Will you please ____ me a new pencil?
④Yesterday he ____ the box to the station.
⑤Please ____ me a book from the next room.
⑥Next time you come, ____ your daughter.
⑦The mother told her boy to ____ a note to the teacher and ____ home a reply.
3. run out, run out of
His money ____ this morning.
A. run out ofB. ran out ofC. run outD. ran out
4. in the end, at last, finally
We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up ____ and walked home.
A. at the beginning B. in the end
C. at first D. at least
5. please, pleased, pleasing, pleasant
①I am ____ that you have a new job.
②Will you ____ give me that book?
③She returned him a ____ smile.
④He is ____ with his new job.
⑤Come and stay as long as you ____.
⑥It is ____ for us to go on an outing on such a fine day.
6. on time, in time
①We must finish it ____.
②I was just ____ for the last bus.
③The film began ____.
④You must come and renew the book if you can’t finish it ____.
⑤She was ____ for the bus.
7. answer, reply, respond
①I don’t ____ him.
②He ____ that he had finished the work.
③She ____ to my letter with a phone call.
④I have not yet ____ to his letter.
Keys:1.①built ②putting up/setting up ③set up ④established 2.①take ②carried ③bring ④took ⑤get ⑥bring ⑦take, bring 3.D 4.B 5.①pleased ②please ③pleasing ④pleased ⑤please ⑥pleasant 6.①on time ②in time③on time ④in time ⑤in time 7.①answer ②answered/replied ③responded④replied