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【摘 要】 高中英语教材外研版中出现的表示“除了……”的介词或介词短语，其用法复杂多变，难以掌握，大多数学生分辨不清，文章将其用法和注意事项作一归纳和辨析。
【关 键 词】 英语；高中；用法
高中英语教材外研版中出现的表示“除了……”的介词或介词短语，其用法复杂多变，难以掌握，大多数学生分辨不清，这里将其用法和注意事项作一归纳和辨析。
1. besides和except
<1>besides指“在整体中加入一部分”，其引出比前面更加有力的论据，通常表示递加的概念，含义是肯定的。意指“除了……之外，还有……”如同with或plus（加）
①Besides half a bottle of whisky，he drank three gins and some beer. ②（2007全国Ⅱ，16）Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.
<2>except则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了……之外，不再有……”。except=without或minus（减），其后跟名词、代词、介词短语或从句。
①I get up early every day except Sunday.（星期天不包括在内）
比较这两个句子：
We all went except him.（他没有去）
We all went besides him.（他也去了）
②We know little about the man except that he is an American.
③He never comes to see me except when it rains.
<3>注意：besides用在含有否定意义的句中时，意思相当于except，besides与except可换用，例如：
No one write to me besides you.
She posted me nothing besides（或except）a card.
2. except和except for
except指“从所指的人或事物中除去（除去的和非除去的是同类事物），即从整体中除去一部分”，通常表示递减的概念，含义是否定的。except for 表示对整体主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，说明整个基本情况后，又在细节上对主要意思作些修正，强调整体与局部的关系。前后内容不是同类，且从语气上常表示遗憾。其后一般接名词或动名词。
①I like all drinks except whisky.（I don’t like whisky.）
②（2008浙江，17）Everything was perfect for the picnic except for the weather.
③Your composition is quite excellent except for some spelling mistakes.
some spelling mistakes（除去的）和your composition（非除去的）是不同类的事物。又如：He is a good man except for hot temper.
注意：①当except用于句首时，后面往往要加上for。如：Except for this，everything is in good order.相当于Everything is in good order except this.②except for后接名词/代词，可以转化为except 从句或其他介词短语。
Eg. The climate here is good except for some rainy days.
（except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days.）
3. but
<1>表示“除了...”的意思。它与except同义，都表示递减的概念，二者在多数情况下可以互换，但用法稍有区别。如果句中有no，no one，none，nobody，nothing，all，anyone，anybody，anything，every，everyone，everybody，everything，who，that，where等否定词、不定代词或疑问词时，多用but；如果句子后面跟宾语从句时，多用except。如①（选修8，Module 1）...so don’t take any souvenirs home with you，and be careful to leave nothing but footprints. ②I had nothing in the world but a million-pound note. ③He no longer went out，except when Jane forced him.
<2>but位置的变化会引起人称代词主格，宾格的变化。如：
①No one but I （=except me）knows it.
②No one knows it but me.（=except me）
<3>but不接动名词而接不定式，有“do”时去掉符号“to”，比较下面两个句子：
I can do nothing but wait.
I had no choice but to wait.
<4>but for=without 含义有时与except for相同，但主要表示“要不是……”“如果没有……”，常用于虚拟语气，意思上相当于一个虚拟条件句，表示一种假设。例如： ①But for your help（If you hadn’t helped me），we couldn’t have carried out the plan.
②But for the atmosphere plants would die.
4. apart from
表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，还可以表示without的意思。后接名词，代词或动名词。如：
①（选修7，Module 6）Apart from providing warmth，what was fire used for？
②（2011，福建，22）Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
③Apart from the cost，it will take a lot of time.（=besides）
④The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.（=except）
⑤The article is good apart from a few spelling mistakes.（=except for）
⑥There can be no knowledge apart from practice.（=without）
5. in addition
兼有besides和as well（as）两种含义，常用作副词；in addition to 相当于as well as，besides，apart from，常用作介词，但要注意 as well as 表示“除...之外”不那么正式。如：①（选修6，Module1）In addition，you need to know how long you should stay，and when you have to leave. ②（选修8，Module6）For children，it is a good way to explore language and have fun with words as well as to express themselves.
请看下面一道练习题：
___English，I have to study a second foreign language.
A. In addition that B. In addition
C. In addition to D. Except
解析：题中In addition to 相当于besides，表示“除了英语...还得...”，而except表示“不包括英语”；in addition为副词短语，作状语。故正确答案为C。
6. other than=except，but，apart from
都表示从总体中除去一部分，后接名词，代词或不定式。如：①（选修8，Module5）...which is believed to be the only body in the solar system other than the Earth with liquid on the surface. ②（2011，全国1，30）The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself. ③He never speaks to me other than to ask for something. ④English is now spoken in many countries other than England.（other than=besides） ⑤You can’t get there other than by swimming.（other than=in any other way than）
注意：下列句子中不宜用except代替other than.
（1）Your failure was due to nothing other than your own carelessness.
（2）He has no close friend other than me.
He never comes to see me other than.
【参考文献】
[1] 朱建卫. 新课程视野下的高中英语语法教学[J]. 基础教育外语教学研究，2005（8）.
[2] 赵万长. 认知法及其在英语语法教学中的应用[J]. 四川外语学院学报，2001（2）.
【关 键 词】 英语；高中；用法
高中英语教材外研版中出现的表示“除了……”的介词或介词短语，其用法复杂多变，难以掌握，大多数学生分辨不清，这里将其用法和注意事项作一归纳和辨析。
1. besides和except
<1>besides指“在整体中加入一部分”，其引出比前面更加有力的论据，通常表示递加的概念，含义是肯定的。意指“除了……之外，还有……”如同with或plus（加）
①Besides half a bottle of whisky，he drank three gins and some beer. ②（2007全国Ⅱ，16）Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.
<2>except则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了……之外，不再有……”。except=without或minus（减），其后跟名词、代词、介词短语或从句。
①I get up early every day except Sunday.（星期天不包括在内）
比较这两个句子：
We all went except him.（他没有去）
We all went besides him.（他也去了）
②We know little about the man except that he is an American.
③He never comes to see me except when it rains.
<3>注意：besides用在含有否定意义的句中时，意思相当于except，besides与except可换用，例如：
No one write to me besides you.
She posted me nothing besides（或except）a card.
2. except和except for
except指“从所指的人或事物中除去（除去的和非除去的是同类事物），即从整体中除去一部分”，通常表示递减的概念，含义是否定的。except for 表示对整体主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，说明整个基本情况后，又在细节上对主要意思作些修正，强调整体与局部的关系。前后内容不是同类，且从语气上常表示遗憾。其后一般接名词或动名词。
①I like all drinks except whisky.（I don’t like whisky.）
②（2008浙江，17）Everything was perfect for the picnic except for the weather.
③Your composition is quite excellent except for some spelling mistakes.
some spelling mistakes（除去的）和your composition（非除去的）是不同类的事物。又如：He is a good man except for hot temper.
注意：①当except用于句首时，后面往往要加上for。如：Except for this，everything is in good order.相当于Everything is in good order except this.②except for后接名词/代词，可以转化为except 从句或其他介词短语。
Eg. The climate here is good except for some rainy days.
（except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days.）
3. but
<1>表示“除了...”的意思。它与except同义，都表示递减的概念，二者在多数情况下可以互换，但用法稍有区别。如果句中有no，no one，none，nobody，nothing，all，anyone，anybody，anything，every，everyone，everybody，everything，who，that，where等否定词、不定代词或疑问词时，多用but；如果句子后面跟宾语从句时，多用except。如①（选修8，Module 1）...so don’t take any souvenirs home with you，and be careful to leave nothing but footprints. ②I had nothing in the world but a million-pound note. ③He no longer went out，except when Jane forced him.
<2>but位置的变化会引起人称代词主格，宾格的变化。如：
①No one but I （=except me）knows it.
②No one knows it but me.（=except me）
<3>but不接动名词而接不定式，有“do”时去掉符号“to”，比较下面两个句子：
I can do nothing but wait.
I had no choice but to wait.
<4>but for=without 含义有时与except for相同，但主要表示“要不是……”“如果没有……”，常用于虚拟语气，意思上相当于一个虚拟条件句，表示一种假设。例如： ①But for your help（If you hadn’t helped me），we couldn’t have carried out the plan.
②But for the atmosphere plants would die.
4. apart from
表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，还可以表示without的意思。后接名词，代词或动名词。如：
①（选修7，Module 6）Apart from providing warmth，what was fire used for？
②（2011，福建，22）Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
③Apart from the cost，it will take a lot of time.（=besides）
④The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.（=except）
⑤The article is good apart from a few spelling mistakes.（=except for）
⑥There can be no knowledge apart from practice.（=without）
5. in addition
兼有besides和as well（as）两种含义，常用作副词；in addition to 相当于as well as，besides，apart from，常用作介词，但要注意 as well as 表示“除...之外”不那么正式。如：①（选修6，Module1）In addition，you need to know how long you should stay，and when you have to leave. ②（选修8，Module6）For children，it is a good way to explore language and have fun with words as well as to express themselves.
请看下面一道练习题：
___English，I have to study a second foreign language.
A. In addition that B. In addition
C. In addition to D. Except
解析：题中In addition to 相当于besides，表示“除了英语...还得...”，而except表示“不包括英语”；in addition为副词短语，作状语。故正确答案为C。
6. other than=except，but，apart from
都表示从总体中除去一部分，后接名词，代词或不定式。如：①（选修8，Module5）...which is believed to be the only body in the solar system other than the Earth with liquid on the surface. ②（2011，全国1，30）The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself. ③He never speaks to me other than to ask for something. ④English is now spoken in many countries other than England.（other than=besides） ⑤You can’t get there other than by swimming.（other than=in any other way than）
注意：下列句子中不宜用except代替other than.
（1）Your failure was due to nothing other than your own carelessness.
（2）He has no close friend other than me.
He never comes to see me other than.
【参考文献】
[1] 朱建卫. 新课程视野下的高中英语语法教学[J]. 基础教育外语教学研究，2005（8）.
[2] 赵万长. 认知法及其在英语语法教学中的应用[J]. 四川外语学院学报，2001（2）.