AIM:To assess the association between smoking and alcohol consumption and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ECC)through a meta-analysis of clinical observational studies.METHODS:A literature search was conducted using Embase and MEDLINE databases from inception to 31May 2013 without language limitations,and by manually searching the references of retrieved articles.Casecontrol and cohort studies that investigated the association between smoking or alcohol consumption and ECC were included.The quality of these studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale.Summary relative risks and corresponding95%CI were calculated using a random-effects model.Publication bias was assessed by Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test.RESULTS:A total of 12 eligible articles(11 case-control studies and one cohort study)were included in this meta-analysis.Eleven studies reported the association between smoking and ECC.Pooled analysis indicated that smokers had an increased risk of ECC development as compared with non-smokers(summary RR=1.23;95%CI:1.01-1.50).This correlation was present in population-based studies(n=5;summary RR=1.47;95%CI:1.06-2.05)but not in hospital-based studies(n=6;summary RR=1.10;95%CI:0.88-1.37)and in non-Asian regions(n=7;summary RR=1.39;95%CI:1.03-1.87)but not in Asia(n=4;summary RR=1.08;95%CI:0.85-1.38).Seven studies reported an association between consuming alcohol and ECC.Pooled analysis indicated that alcohol drinkers had a similar risk of ECC development as did individuals who did not drink alcohol(summary RR=1.09;95%CI:0.87-1.37).There was moderate heterogeneity among the studies and no evidence of publication bias.CONCLUSION:Smoking is associated with an increased risk of ECC,but alcohol consumption is not.Further population-based studies,particularly cohort studies,are warranted to enable definitive conclusions. AIM: To assess the association between smoking and alcohol consumption and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) through a meta-analysis of clinical observational studies. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using Embase and MEDLINE databases from inception to 31 May 2013 without language limitations, and by manually searched the references of retrieved articles. Case control and cohort studies that investigated the investigation between smoking or alcohol consumption and ECC were included. The quality of these studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. Summary relative risks and corresponding 95% CI were calculated using a random-effects model. Publication bias was assessed by Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test. RESULTS: A total of 12 eligible articles (11 case-control studies and one cohort study) were included in this meta-analysis. Eleven studies reported the association between smoking and ECC. Pooled analysis indicated that smokers had an increased risk of E CC correlation as present with population-based studies (n = 5; summary RR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.06-2.05) but not in hospital-based studies (n = 6; summary RR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.88-1.37) and in non-Asian regions not in Asia (n = 4; summary RR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.85-1.38). Seven studies reported an association between consuming alcohol and ECC. Pooled analysis indicated that alcohol drinkers had a similar risk of ECC development did not drink alcohol (summary RR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.87-1.37). There was moderate heterogeneity among the studies and no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSION: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of ECC, but alcohol consumption is not .Further population-based studies, particularly cohort studies, are warranted to enable definitive conclusions.