“灵魂”范畴在整个世界哲学发展过程中曾起过很大的作用,在中世纪以前,一个哲学家对于灵魂的看法直接决定着其思想的基调,许多哲学家写过论灵魂的专著,如亚里士多德、波尔费留均写过名为《论灵魂》的著作。本文要探讨的是一位阿拉伯哲学家伊本·西那的灵魂论、认识论思想。他的思想在国内还不为人们所熟悉,而对西方却有很大影响,且在世界哲学史上占有重要地位。 灵魂的一般意义 中世纪前的哲学家一般都认为植物、动物、人等凡是具有生命的东西都有灵魂。但灵魂是什么?很多思想家又没有明确界定。伊本·西那对“灵魂”这一范畴提出了自己明确的界定:“有时候,我们看到有些形体是有感觉的,并且有随意的运动,或者看到有些形体摄取营养,生长着,并且繁殖出同类的东西来。它们之所以有这些作用,并不是靠它们的形体性。由此可见,要发生这些作用,它们的本质中就得有一种异于它们的形体性的本原存在。发生这些作用的东西(总之,就是一切作为产生作用的本原的东西,这些作用是一律伴随着意志的),我们就称之为灵魂。”(伊本·西那:《论灵魂》,商务印书馆1963年版,第8页,以下引文只注页数) 在伊本·西那看来,灵魂首先是一种本原性的东西,它决定着有形的植物、动物、人的生长、发展和 The category of “soul” played an important role in the development of philosophy throughout the world. Before the Middle Ages, the opinion of a philosopher on the soul decided the tone of his thought directly. Many philosophers wrote monographs on the soul, Richter, Perlfailu have written a book called “on the soul” of the book. This article explores the soul theory and epistemological thought of an Arab philosopher Ibn Sina. His thoughts are not yet familiar to the people at home, but have a great influence on the West and hold an important position in the history of world philosophy. The general meaning of the soul Before the Middle Ages philosophers generally think that plants, animals, people and other things that have a life have a soul. But what is the soul? Many thinkers have not clearly defined. Ibn Sina offered a clear definition of the category of “soul”: “Sometimes we see something as having a sense of feeling and with a random movement, or seeing some form of intake of nutrition, growth, And bred out of the same kind of thing, they do not have their function on these forms, and so it is evident that in their nature there must be a physical existence different from their essence The things that take place for these purposes-in short, everything that is the original of the works, all accompanied by the will-are what we call souls. ”(Ibn Sina: On the Soul, The Commercial Press, 1963, p. 8, the following citation only refers to the pages.) In Ibn Sina, the soul was primarily a primitive thing that determines the growth of tangible plants, animals, and humans, Develop and