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为了进一步研究白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态地区的生长发育特性,明确冬油菜北移的适应区域,扩大冬油菜的种植区划,本研究通过分析18个冬油菜品种在17个不同生态区5 a的农艺性状变化,用适定性参数法、变异系数法分析其稳定性,用隶属函数法综合评价不同品种的农艺性状。结果表明,白菜型冬油菜在北方地区种植,能够安全越冬的地区农艺性状均很优良,且优于胡麻和春油菜等同类型的其他油料作物;品种间、年份间变化不明显,稳定性高。影响冬油菜农艺性状的主要因子是温度,其次是海拔、纬度、越冬率等。北方地区冬季寒冷,极端低温低、低温来临时间早、持续时间长,昼夜温差大,这些气候特点决定了冬油菜农艺性状在不同的生态地区间差异十分明显。与冬油菜原种植北界甘肃省天水市(北纬34°6′)相比,在北纬36°以北的高纬度地区(气温较低)白菜型冬油菜的株高、分枝部位明显降低,分枝数减少;且因花期冻害存在分段结实的现象,突出的表现为主花序长,而主花序角果数少且分布不均匀。但这些地区籽粒灌浆期相对低温,灌浆期较长,且昼夜温差较大,降低了呼吸消耗,因此角粒数和千粒重明显增加。在新疆维吾尔自治区的乌鲁木齐市(北纬43°77′)、塔城市(北纬46°74′)、拜城县(北纬41°82′)等极端寒冷的地区,由于冬春季积雪覆盖,减弱了冬季冻害和春季干旱,反而农艺性状优良,是发展冬油菜的潜在产区。因此,白菜型冬油菜在北方地区种植是可行的,能够安全越冬的地区冬油菜均能正常生长,农艺性状优良,且由于角粒数和千粒重存在潜在优势而使冬油菜具有发展潜力。
In order to further study the growth and development characteristics of Brassica campestris in different ecological regions in the north of China, clear the adaptation region of winter rapeseed northward and expand the planting division of winter rape, this study analyzed the effects of 18 winter rapeseed cultivars in 17 ecotopes Agronomic traits were analyzed. The stability was analyzed by the method of fitness parameter and coefficient of variation, and the agronomic traits of different varieties were comprehensively evaluated by membership function. The results showed that the agronomic traits of cabbage-type winter rapeseed planted in the northern region and able to win the winter were excellent, and were superior to other oilseed crops of the same type such as flax and spring rape; the changes between varieties were not obvious and the stability was high. The main factors affecting the winter rape agronomic traits are temperature, followed by elevation, latitude, overwintering rate and so on. The northern part of the winter cold, extreme low temperature, low temperature coming early, long duration, large temperature difference between day and night, these climate characteristics determine the winter rape agronomic traits in different ecological regions is very obvious differences. Compared with the original cultivation of winter rape in the northern boundary of Tianshui City, Gansu (latitude 34 ° 6 ’), the plant height and branch location of cabbage-type winter rape at high latitudes north latitude 36 ° north (low temperature) The number of branches decreased; and frost damage due to flowering stage segmented phenomenon, the prominent performance of the main inflorescences, while the main inflorescences and a small number of uneven distribution. However, grain filling stage in these areas is relatively low temperature, filling a long period, and a larger temperature difference between day and night, reducing respiratory consumption, so the number of grains and 1000-grain weight increased significantly. In extreme cold areas such as Urumqi (43 ° 77’N), Tacheng City (46’74’N) and Baicheng County (41 ° 82’N) in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, snow cover in winter and spring weakened Winter frost damage and spring drought, but good agronomic traits, is the potential for the development of winter rapeseed area. Therefore, cabbage-type winter rapeseed is feasible in northern China. Winter rapeseed can grow normally in areas with wintering and have good agronomic traits. Winter rapeseed has the potential for development due to the potential advantages of corms and grain weight.