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由于受马克思恩格斯小农经济理论和农民合作思想的影响,在新经济政策实行以前,列宁对以家庭为生产组织形式的小农经济一直是否定的。但是,战时共产主义政策在农村实行的余粮征集制阻碍了生产力的发展,以同质集体劳动为特征的农业公社、共耕社等组织并没有显示出高于个体农民的生产效率,于是,列宁果断地摒弃已不合适宜的战时共产主义政策,推行新经济政策,在农业领域又退却到个体农户独立生产、允许私人贸易状态之中。但是,如果不对私人贸易加以控制,必然出现私营商人剥削农民、操纵市场、脱离国家控制和监督的消极结果,于是,列宁晚年明确主张采取农民商业合作,以取代私人贸易,实现小农经济和国家经济体制的衔接。这是列宁对马克思恩格斯合作思想的勇敢扬弃和宝贵创新。
Due to the influence of Marx and Engels ’theory of peasant economy and peasants’ cooperation, Lenin denied the peasant economy in the form of family as a production organization until the new economic policy was implemented. However, the system of grain surplus collection practiced in rural areas by wartime communist policies hindered the development of productive forces. The agricultural communes and common-source cooperatives featuring homogeneous collective labor did not show any higher productivity than individual peasants. Therefore, Lenin decisively renounced the ill-fated wartime communist policies and the new economic policies and retreated to the independent production of individual peasants in the field of agriculture and allowed the state of private trade. However, if private trade is not controlled, it is inevitable that private traders will exploit peasants, manipulate the market and get away from the negative results of state control and supervision. Therefore, in his later years, Lenin explicitly advocated the adoption of peasant commercial cooperation to replace private trade and realize the economic development of the smallholder economy and the national economy System of convergence. This is Lenin’s brave abandonment and valuable innovation in Marx and Engels’s cooperation.