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狄更斯,一位文學界的摇滚巨星,空降到他向往已久的“共和国”——美国。这个国度没有负他,报他以万分的热情:各种光环与花团锦簇、献诗贺信、崇拜追捧……他却为何对美国生厌,甚至生恨?不满之意达到两本书的厚度——《美国纪行》和《马丁·朱述维特》。这两本“决裂书”中到底写了什么?而后,一篇纯为挣钱还债的小故事,又是如何让美国人爱到足以原谅狄更斯的所有奚落和咒骂之词的?
Charles Dickens’ unfettered joy at first arriving in Boston Harbor in 1842 reads like Ebenezer Scrooge’s awakening on Christmas morning.1 Biographer Peter Ackroyd reports that he flew up the steps of the Tremont House Hotel, sprang into the hall, and greeted a curious throng2 with a bright “Here we are!” He took to the streets that twinkling midnight in his shaggy fur coat, galloping over frozen snow, shouting out the names on shop signs, pulling bell-handles of doors as he passed—giddy with laughter3—and even screamed with (one imagines) astonishment and delight at the sight of the old South Church. He had set at last upon the shores of “the Republic of my imagination.”
America returned his ardor4. Though not quite 30, Dickens was a literary rock star, the most famous writer in the world, who landed like a conquering hero in a country swept up in an extreme “Boz-o-mania”—the hype of his tour then unprecedented in American history.5 He wrote his best friend, John Forster6, that he didn’t know how to describe “the crowds that pour in and out the whole day; of the people that line the streets when I go out; of the cheering when I went to the theatre; of the copies of verse, letters of congratulations, welcomes of all kinds, balls, dinners, assemblies without end.” When Bostonians renamed their city “Boz-town,” New Yorkers determined to “outdollar…and outshine them.” Their great Boz Ball boasted flags, flowers, festoons, wreaths, a huge portrait of the author with a bald eagle overhead, chandeliers hung by gilded ropes, 22 tableaux from the great author’s works, and 3,000 guests, who consumed 50 hams, 50 tongues, 38,000 stewed and pickled oysters, and 4,000 candy kisses.7 “If I should live to grow old,”Dickens said, “the scenes of this and other evenings will shine as brightly to my dull eyes 50 years hence as now.”
The Spirit of the Times wrote of it: “This most extraordinary, fashionable, brilliant, unique, grotesque, enchanting, bewitching, confounding, eye-dazzling, heart-delighting, superb, foolish and ridiculous fete…came off at the Park Theatre,8 New York, on Monday evening last.” But in a prescient endnote, the reporter predicted, “Such was the tom-foolery of silly-minded Americans, and such the ridiculous homage paid to a foreigner, who will in all probability return home and write a book abusing the whole nation for the excesses of a few consummate blockheads.”9
American Notes for General Circulation, his scathing20 travelogue published on his return to England, did nothing to heal the rift. Dickens blasted America as a scam21 on a national scale. Instead of a democratic land of opportunity he described a land of opportunists—a nation of self-interested grubbers who cared only for politics and money—pretending at liberty and equality while condoning slavery, and a press “pimping and pandering for all degrees of vicious taste, and gorging with coined lies.”22 For good measure, he tossed in that nowhere else on the whole earth was there a nation of “so many intensified bores” entirely unable to laugh at themselves.
But that, apparently, was not enough. He followed it with a wicked satire of the country in a section of his next novel, Martin Chuzzlewit, the whole of which was meant to be a strict diatribe23 on Selfishness and Greed. Peopled with characters alienated from each other and disconnected from themselves, it afforded him the chance to show Americans slurp, spit, and guzzle, and, most boorish of all,24 lick the communal butter knife.
Americans hated them both. “We are all described as a filthy, gormandizing race,” raged an article in the Courier and Enquirer, calling Dickens a “low-bred scullion25…who for more than half his life has lived in the stews of London.” The New York Herald called American Notes “The most trashy…most contemptible…the essence of balderdash reduced to the last drop of silliness and inanity.”26 Even Dickens’ friend, Thomas Carlyle, wrote that he “caused all Yankee-doodledom to blaze up like one universal soda bottle.”27
But in a karmic turn of events, Martin Chuzzlewit was a flop.28 Despite a recession in the industry, Dickens was the most reliable top-seller; but if the Americans reviled29 the book, the English thought not much more of it. The first ever novel written under his own name, instead of the more loveable “Boz,” never sold more than 23,000 serial copies a month, compared to as many as 100,000 of his earlier work.
Dickens was crushed. “I think Chuzzlewit is in a hundred points immeasurably the best of my stories.” But his best book was his worst seller. When his publishers, Chapman and Hall, threatened to deduct from his pay 50 pounds sterling a month to repay advances already made, Dickens was in a bind.30 His house, family, expenses—including his commitment to his father, relatives, friends of relatives, and every worthwhile charity in London (some of which he’d started himself)—were outsized and near impossible to maintain. The great irony is that his “little Christmas book” came into being as a money-spinner31 to save him from financial ruin. (For a fiction writer, the perfect conflict.) 《时代精神》这样写道,“这场非凡、时尚、耀眼、独特、怪诞、妩媚、诱人、迷惑、炫目、喜乐、超级、愚蠢、荒唐的盛宴……于上周一晚,在纽约公园剧院举行。”文末,记者却未卜先知地预言道,“这就是傻里傻气的美国人的一通愚蠢行为,这就是他们对一个外国人的一番荒唐敬意,然而,极有可能,人家回国之后,就会写上一本书来羞辱一下这整个国家,这,全是托了几个彻头彻尾的笨蛋一番铺张浪费的福。”
事实上,狄更斯写了两本。
他与理想化了的美国的这场恋爱,短命而又难受。除了大作家们之外,他感觉其他美國人都是恶臭、无礼,且常常侵犯他的隐私。“我被人们重重包围,连喘息的空档都没有。”狄更斯向福斯特抱怨说,“我想去教堂里安静一会儿,立刻就有一堆人猛冲到我坐的椅子附近。我在火车车厢里刚坐下,检票员就拉住我不放。我喝杯水,也得有上百人盯着我的嗓子看。”在乘汽船去大湖区的途中,他起床洗漱,妻子还在熟睡,却有一群人隔着船舱玻璃往里窥视。
美国人缺乏餐桌礼仪,而且他目光所及之处,都是人们嚼烟草后吐的口水——即便这国家首都的人行道上也是唾迹斑斑。在那儿他还看到,政党政治污染了每一件事,党魁们就是“上帝创造物身上的虱子”;“选举中卑鄙花招频出;私下贿赂公职人员成风;竞争对手间以遍布毁谤的报纸为盾,以雇佣文人为刀,用下三滥手段相互攻击。”
更糟糕的是,每个人都想从狄更斯身上揩油,上到蒂芙尼销售未经授权的狄更斯半身像,下到理发匠贩卖狄更斯的一缕头发。他感觉美国人粗俗不堪、麻木不仁、夸夸其谈、虚情假意、贪得无厌到无法想象的地步。狄更斯说,“在去美国之前,我从不知道,厌恶和蔑视是什么感觉。”六月,狄更斯离开美国时,已完全放弃了对这个国家曾经的美好幻想。现在他认为,这里就是个“大账房”,除了“骗子和无聊之辈”,别无其他。(见《圣诞颂歌》)
美国人也开始憎恶他了。狄更斯既没有优雅地接受他们的溜须拍马,也没有描述他们的种种好处,却总是揪住他们侵犯版权的行径不放——公开指责美国出版商偷窃他的作品,这确是事实——他们公开盗印他的小说,以极低价格出售,且不给作者分文报偿。美国出版界大为光火。狄更斯抵美一个月不到,就从文学天地的穹顶落到泥沼之内,他“俗丽”的服饰和女里女气的发型被人笑话,他被人描述为“绝非绅士”,是个“讨厌的伦敦佬”、“只认钱的无赖”、“廉价的混子”。
回到英国后,狄更斯出版了一本言辞辛辣的游记,《美国纪行》,这本书更加深了他与美国的不和。狄更斯攻击美国说,他们整个国家就是个大骗局。美国并非充满机会的民主国家,而是充满投机者的国家—— 一个尽是只认政治和金钱的自私自利之徒的国家——他们空谈自由和平等,实际却容忍奴隶制,他们的出版业“兜售恶毒的品位,大嚼编织的谎言”。此外,他还写道,整个世界上,没有哪个国家会像美国这样,充斥着全然不懂自嘲的,“极度烦人的家伙”。
显然,这还不够。接下来,他又在另一本小说《马丁·朱述维特》里辟出一节,对这个国家进行了一番恶毒讽刺,而那整本小说的写作目的,原就是要对自私和贪婪严加声讨的。这本充斥彼此疏离、自欺欺人的角色的小说,让他有机会展示美国人大声喝汤、随地吐痰,狼吞虎咽,以及最为粗俗的一点,舔公用黄油刀,等种种陋习。
这两本书都很惹美国人厌。“我们被描绘成一个肮脏、贪吃的民族”,《问询快报》的一篇文章怒道。此文把狄更斯称作“没有教养的杂役……大半生都住在伦敦的一锅乱炖中。”《纽约先驱论坛报》称《美国纪行》“最垃圾……最卑劣……全然一派胡言,纯是愚蠢和浅薄。”狄更斯的朋友,托马斯·卡莱尔也写道,这次,狄更斯“引得整个美国,像一瓶超级苏打水一样爆发了。”
如同因果报应,《马丁·朱述维特》成了一颗哑弹。整个出版业虽不景气,狄更斯却一直是最值得信赖的畅销书作者;但是这次,不但美国人咒骂这本书,英国人对它也不看好。这是第一部以狄更斯实名,而非那个更受人喜爱的笔名“博兹”,发表的小说,但连载时的月销量却不超过2.3万份,而之前他作品的月销量可高达10万份。
狄更斯深受打击。“我认为《马丁·朱述维特》百分百是我最好的故事。”但是,他最好的书却卖得最差。他的出版商,查普曼与霍尔公司威胁说,每月要从他的报酬中扣除50镑来抵偿预付稿酬,这下让狄更斯陷入窘境。他的房子、家庭,以及各项开支——包括他照料父亲、贴补亲人、亲人的朋友,以及资助伦敦各项慈善事业(其中一些还是他设立的)的费用——花费过多,几乎难以维持。颇具讽刺意味的是,他的那本“圣诞小书”在此刻诞生,正是为了赚钱来解救他脱离经济困境的。(这对于一个小说家来说,实在是矛盾。)
不过《圣诞颂歌》不仅如此。在《马丁·朱述维特》两期连载空隙间的六个星期里,狄更斯用4.5万字写出了圣诞的真正精神,这不仅是关于美国的故事,而是关于整个世界,关于所有人,也包括他自己。它关于爱和慷慨的普世信息,如一剂对抗自私和贪婪的良药,在世界各地引起共鸣。狄更斯的英国竞争对手威廉·萨克雷称其为“一个国家的恩泽,对读到它的男男女女来说,是对每个人的善行。”从狄更斯那场著名的“与美国的争吵”,到创作这个世界上排第二的最为人喜爱的圣诞故事,即便两者并非一条直线般因果相随,却也曲折但又顺利地前后呼应。甚至美国文学杂志《灯笼裤》也这样写道:
哪怕狄更斯先生总要在他交给伦敦出版商们的作品中大肆嘲讽所谓的美国特色,或者辛辣讽刺我们真实存在的虚荣自大,我们也可以毫不介意地,以极大的欢乐拥抱它们,只要他能时不时呈现给我们一部心血之作,就像现在摆在我们眼前的这部,它是这样感人,这样美丽。真的,我们可以诚挚地说,以我们深思熟虑之后的判断而言,《圣诞颂歌》是出自该作者笔下,最悦目、最生动、最真实的文字。书中有许多欢乐,还有更多智慧;这份智慧,只有那些深刻而又善意地审视人生,将目光深入到人类胸膛的明亮地方和阴暗角落的人,才可能拥有。
今天,我们仍然读这故事。为了把光照射到我们自己心中各个地方和角落。为了那些内心清明的美妙时刻,在那些时刻,我们明白,无论如何,生活真美好。圣诞把我们聚在一起,围坐在炉火旁,火焰、温暖、真理与我们同在。为了看到埃比尼泽·斯克鲁奇在圣诞清晨醒来,面对一个崭新的世界,面对一个重生的自己。