两次鸦片战争期间,清政府的禁烟政策遇到内外两种阻力:一方面,英国政府极力庇护中国沿海地区的鸦片走私贸易,企图劝诱中国官员承认鸦片贸易合法化;另一方面,贩卖鸦片利益集团、受贿的不法官吏、鸦片吸食者和各级行政司法官员构成来自中国内部四种禁烟运动的阻力。这种困境在很大程度上是由于《查禁鸦片烟章程》难于执行造成的。对于鸦片吸食者拟以绞刑, During the two Opium Wars, the Qing government’s non-smoking policy faced both internal and external resistance. On the one hand, the British government strongly sheltered opium smuggling in the coastal areas of China in an attempt to persuade Chinese officials to recognize the legalization of opium trade. On the other hand, opium trafficking Groups, bribed unsafe officials, opium absters and administrative justice at all levels constitute resistance from the four non-smoking campaigns in China. This predicament is due in large part to the difficult implementation of the “Suppression of Opium Regulations”. For opium abuser to be hanged,