本文认为科学家从一种有闲人的“业余爱好”变成一种专门的社会职业 ,是一个历史的过程。科学家的职业化伴随科学的体制化演进 ,科学家在社会中担当了重要的社会责任。本文从科学社会学的角度 ,论述了“科学家”一词的来历、含义 ,科学家社会职业的历史演变 ,科学家在英、法、德、美等国发展的不同特点 ,以及当代科学家肩负的社会责任 ,特别是新的科技革命对科学家提出的道德责任要求。 This paper argues that it is a historical process for scientists to change from being a hobbyist hobby to a specialized social career. The professionalization of scientists follows the systematic evolution of science, and scientists play an important social responsibility in society. From the perspective of sociology of science, this essay expounds the origin and meaning of the term “scientist”, the historical evolution of scientists’ social occupations, the different characteristics of scientists in the development of Britain, France, Germany and the United States, as well as the social responsibilities of contemporary scientists In particular, the new scientific and technological revolution proposed to scientists the moral responsibility requirements.