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孙中山的哲学思想,是近代中国资产阶级哲学的最高成果。孙中山哲学的特点,是以自然界的物质如“以太”、“星云”等作为宇宙存在的始基,是肯定物质先于精神的,因此它是唯物主义的一元论宇宙观。他在阐述生命和人类起源时,以“细胞”——“生元”作为生命发展观的基础,同样是唯物主义的观点。但由于他以低级的生物形态来说明高级的人类所特有的意识、精神,陷入“生元有知”的物活论,表现了唯物主义的不彻底性。最后在社会历史观方面,他晚年概括提出的“民生史观”,则陷入了二元论或唯心论。因此,我们认为,唯物主义是孙中山宇宙发展的基本思想,其中包含一些辩证法因素,具有近代资产阶级哲学的特点;唯心论和二元论则是他的唯物主义不彻底性的部分思想。这就是本文探讨的主要问题。
Sun Yat-sen’s philosophical thinking is the highest achievement of modern bourgeois philosophy in China. The characteristic of Sun Yat-sen’s philosophy is that it uses the material of nature such as “ether” and “nebula” as the foundations for the existence of the universe and affirms that matter precedes the spirit. Therefore, it is a materialistic monistic view of the universe. In elaborating the origin of life and human beings, he used “cells” - “Yuan-yuan” as the basis for the concept of life development and was also materialistic. However, because of his low level of biological morphology to illustrate the unique human consciousness, spirit, into the “life and content of knowledge,” the theory of material and lively, showing the incompleteness of materialism. Finally, in the aspect of social history, the concept of livelihood summed up by his later years falls into dualism or idealism. Therefore, in our opinion, materialism is Sun Yat-sen’s basic idea of the development of the universe, which contains some dialectical factors and features of modern bourgeois philosophy. Idealism and dualism are part of his incomplete materialism. This is the main issue discussed in this article.