人们一直认为,水痘是一种轻症传染病,并发症少见,不会引起死亡。然而,自20世纪80年代以来,水痘发病明显增多,发病年龄也后移,不只在婴幼儿中流行,中小学生发病已很多见,上海市90年代就比80年代增加了4倍,重症患者和并发症也明显增多。本病开始时出现感冒样症状,如流鼻涕、打喷嚏、咳嗽和发烧等,发烧的同时或在其后一两天出现皮疹。也有许多孩子并不发烧,骤然出现皮疹。典型的水痘是开始为隆起的红色小疹,数小时后即发展成高粱米粒大小的水滴状痘疹,其内充满液体,开始清亮、后变混浊。三四天后痘疹干缩结痂,如果不被抓破,1—3周后痂皮脱落,不留疤痕。水痘常分批出现,因此在同一时间,可以见到各期不同形状的皮疹,在头皮、口腔、眼及外阴也可发疹。 It has always been assumed that chickenpox is a mild infectious disease with rare complications that will not cause death. However, since the 1980s, the incidence of chickenpox increased significantly, and the age of onset also shifted back. This phenomenon is not only prevalent in infants and young children. The incidence of primary and secondary school students has been quite high. In the 1990s, the population in Shanghai increased fourfold compared with that in the 1980s. Complications also significantly increased. The disease starts with flu-like symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, coughing, fever, and a rash at the same time or one or two days later. There are many children do not have a fever, rash suddenly. A typical varicella is a small, red rash that begins to swell and develops into a droppick-like pox of sorghum in a matter of hours, filled with liquid that begins to clear and becomes cloudy. Three to four days after the acne scars shrink scab, if not scratched 1-3 weeks after the scab off, leaving no scars. Chickenpox often appear in batches, so at the same time, you can see the various forms of rash in the scalp, mouth, eyes and vulva can also be rash.