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常见的测量方式有“直接测量”、“间接测量”和“组合测量”三类,其主要区别是后二类测量的数学结构较复杂。传统的仪表缺乏相应的解算器件,故在设计时只能采用最简单的直接测量方式。运算放大器、数字式转换器和微处理器的应用,增强了现代测量仪表的解算能力,使之可有较复杂的测量数学结构。在其设计时就能不局限于直接测量,也可采用其他的测量方式。数学结构的基本特点是可以不受时间和空间的直接约束。因此某些用直接测量所不易甚至不能解决的测量问题可以通过合理设计测量数学结构并采用适宜的测量方式得以解决。本文通过下列例子:用组合测量增强仪表的抗干扰性或提高测量速度,用间接测量实现硬件的软件化以扩大仪表的用途或简化仪表的结构,用间接或组合测量方式实现那些不易甚至不能直接进行A/D转换的被测量的测量或作“模型拟合”、“测量预报”等,讨论了各种测量方式在现代仪表设计中的作用。
Common measurement methods are “direct measurement”, “indirect measurement” and “combined measurement” three categories, the main difference is that the latter two types of measurement of the mathematical structure is more complicated. Traditional instruments lack the corresponding solver, so only the simplest direct measurement can be used in the design. The use of operational amplifiers, digital converters and microprocessors enhances the solu- tions of modern measuring instruments, making it possible to have more complex mathematical structures for measurement. In its design can not be limited to direct measurement, but also the use of other measurement methods. The basic characteristic of mathematical structure is that it can not be directly constrained by time and space. Therefore, some measurement problems that are not easily or even not solved by direct measurement can be solved by reasonably designing the measurement mathematical structure and adopting appropriate measurement methods. This article through the following examples: Combination of measurements to enhance the instrument’s anti-jamming or increase the measurement speed, with indirect measurement hardware to achieve software to expand the use of instruments or to simplify the structure of the instrument, with indirect or combined measurement methods that are not easy or even direct A / D conversion measured by the measurement or as a “model fitting”, “measurement forecast”, discussed the various measurement methods in the role of modern instrumentation.