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[摘 要] 目的:探讨B超引导下颈内静脉置管在尿毒症血液透析患者中应用。方法:选择本院2014年5月—2015年12月收治的200例需行颈内静脉置管血液透析的尿毒症患者,随机分为A组(超声引导下,98例)和B组(盲探下,102例)行颈内静脉置管,比较穿刺置管成功率、穿刺时间、患者满意度、并发症以及导管首次透析血流量、尿素氮下降率(URR)、整体尿素氮清除率(Kt/v)。结果:两组患者一般情况相比差异无统计学意义,具有可比性;A组患者穿刺置管时间明显短于B组,穿刺置管一次成功率、总成功率以及患者满意度明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;A组患者的总并发症发生率明显低于B组,其中颈动脉损伤、神经损伤、局部血肿的发生率相比差异有统计学意义,P<0.05,血气胸的发生率相比差异无统计学意义;A组患者首次血液透析血流量、URR和Kt/v均高于B组,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论:超声引导下颈内静脉置管不仅可以缩短穿刺时间、提高穿刺成功率和患者的满意度并且能提高尿毒症血液透析患者的透析效果、降低并发症发生率。
[关键词] 超声引导;颈内静脉置管;尿毒症;血液透析
中图分类号:R459.5 文献标识码:B 文章编号:2095-5200(2016)05-100-04
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the application of B-ultrasound guided internal jugular venous catheterization in hemodialysis patients with uremia. Methods: A total of 200 hemodialysis patients with uremia, who underwent internal jugular vein catheterization in our hospital from May 2014 to December 2015, were randomly divided into group A (under ultrasound guidance, 98 cases) and group B (blind detection, 102 cases) underwent internal jugular vein catheterization, compared the success rate of puncture, puncture time, the satisfaction of patients, complications and blood-flow amount of the first hemodialysis, urea reduction rate (URR), urea nitrogen (Kt/v) removal rate. Results: Two groups of patients were compared generally, there was no significant difference; catheterization time of patients in group A was significantly shorter than that of group B, first puncture success rate, total success rate and patient satisfaction of group A were all significantly higher than those of group B, the difference were statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.05); total complications occurring rate of group A was significantly lower than that of group B, and their incidence rates of carotid artery injury, nerve injury, local hematoma had significant difference (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in the incidence of pneumothorax; blood-flow amount of the first hemodialysis, URR and Kt/v in patients of group A were higher than those of group B, but there were no significant differences between two groups. Conclusions: Ultrasound guided internal jugular vein catheterization can not only shorten the puncture time, improve the success rate of puncture and patients’ satisfaction, but also can improve the dialysis effect and reduce the incidence of complications in hemodialysis patients with uremia.
[Key words] ultrasound guided internal jugular vein catheterization uremia hemodialysis 透析是尿毒症患者肾脏替代治疗的重要手段[1],血液透析是不能进行腹膜透析尿毒症患者维持生命的主要方法[2-3]。维持和建立具有良好功能的血管通路是保证患者顺利充分透析的关键[4]。自体动静脉内瘘是尿毒症患者长期血液透析的首选血管通路,而对于患有糖尿病、血管炎、动脉粥样硬化等血管疾病以及伴有心功能不全患者,常无法顺利建立自体动静脉内瘘,需深静脉留置血液透析导管[5-6]。颈内静脉穿刺置管受其解剖结构特点的影响,盲探操作不仅可能会导致穿刺失败而且操作不当及反复操作会增加并发症的发生率,严重者甚至威胁患者的生命安全[7-8]。超声的应用使深静脉穿刺得以顺利完成,本研究将探讨B超引导下颈内静脉置管在尿毒症血液透析患者中应用,为尿毒症血液透析患者颈内静脉置管操作提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择本院2014年5月—2015年12月收治的200例需行颈内静脉置管血液透析的尿毒症患者,29~75岁,随机分为研究组(A组,98例)和对照组(B组,102例)。A组患者在超声引导下穿刺置管,B组患者给予传统体表解剖标记定位盲探下行颈内静脉置管。所有患者均无颈内静脉穿刺置管禁忌症,且本研究经本院伦理委员会批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书。
1.2 仪器与方法
两组患者均去枕平卧,右侧肩下垫一小枕头,头部向左侧偏斜,充分暴露颈部。A组患者消毒前使用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(GE Voluson E8、PHILIOS Envisor C HD)探头频率8~12MHz于右侧颈部进行多切面的扫描探查,明确颈内静脉和颈动脉的位置,并找出颈内静脉,将超声探头的位置调整到可以从屏幕中央的位置显示颈内静脉,此时颈内静脉处于探头正下方。采用龙胆紫溶液标记出患者右侧颈内静脉横断面中点位置以及走形方向。选择甲状软骨水平进行穿刺,常规消毒铺巾,局部浸润麻醉,将无菌保护套套住超声探头并将其放置于穿刺点上,穿刺针与皮肤呈35~45度角进行穿刺,确保通过针尖清晰显示穿刺路径,当穿刺针到达颈静脉壁时可以看到血管壁被压陷,轻轻用力针尖即可刺入颈内静脉中,回抽有血则表示穿刺成功,保持穿刺针的位置固定不动,缓慢向血管中置入导丝,小心退出穿刺针,沿穿刺方向使用扩皮器扩皮,待扩到合适程度后沿着导丝放置导管,深度为12~15cm,并再次使用超声确定导管的位置(导管末端位于上腔静脉接近右心房的开口处)后退出导丝,连接上含有肝素盐水的注射器回抽血流通畅,冲洗管腔封管,缝合皮肤固定导管并采用无菌纱布覆盖。B组患者选择中路进行穿刺,穿此前识别并标记患者胸锁乳突肌的胸骨头、锁骨头和锁骨上缘,三者形成的胸锁乳突肌三角的顶点即为穿刺进针点。常规消毒铺巾,局部浸润麻醉,先采用小针进行试穿,与患者皮肤呈30度角进针,针尖与中线平行朝向足端,边进针边进行回抽,回抽到血且血流通畅则表明试探成功,若试穿未成功则退针至皮下后调整针尖方向向外偏斜5~10度穿刺,成功后换穿刺针沿着小针试探的方向和角度进针,回抽血流通常后固定穿刺针,小心置入导丝,退出穿刺针,沿着穿刺方向扩皮至合适深度后放置导管,并使用肝素盐水冲洗管腔封管,缝皮固定导管、采用无菌纱布覆盖。两组患者所有操作均由相同的医生进行。
1.3 观察指标
观察患者穿刺置管成功率(一次成功率和总成功率)、穿刺时间、患者满意度、并发症(动脉损伤、神经损伤、局部血肿、血气胸)以及导管首次透析血流量、尿素氮下降率(URR)、整体尿素氮清除率(Kt/v)。一次成功率是指小针和穿刺针均一次成功到达颈内静脉。若试穿出现误穿动脉、神经损伤、血气胸等并发症或3次仍未成功则为穿刺失败,停止操作,改换其它穿刺部位。URR=1-(Ct/Co),Ct和Co分别指透析后和透析前的尿素氮的值。Kt/v=-ln(R-0.008t)+(4-3.5R)UF/W,ln指自然对数,R指尿素氮透析后与透析前的比值,t指透析时间,UF指透析超滤量,W指透析后干体重。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行分析,计数资料采用χ2检验,计量资料采用t检验或方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者穿刺成功率、穿刺时间及患者满意度比较
2.2 两组患者并发症发生情况比较
A组患者的并发症发生率明显低于B组,其中颈动脉损伤、神经损伤、局部血肿的发生率相比差异有统计学意义,P<0.05,血气胸的发生率相比差异无统计学意义,见表2。
2.3 两组患者首次血液透析血流量、URR和Kt/v比较
A组患者首次血液透析血流量、URR和Kt/v均高于B组,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义,见表3。
3 讨论
建立合适的血管通路是血液透析的基础[9]。理想的血管通路应操作简单安全、可以反复使用且不易发生感染、出血、血栓等并发症[10-11]。中心静脉穿刺置管则常被血液透析患者使用,可供选择的中心静脉有颈内静脉、颈外静脉、锁骨下静脉和股静脉。锁骨下静脉穿刺难度高,发生气胸并发症高且误穿动脉后不易压迫止血;股静脉穿刺操作虽简单但病人活动受限且感染发生率高,因此,这两种穿刺途径不作为首选[12-13]。因为左侧颈部有胸导管,左侧胸膜顶明显高于右侧且右侧颈内静脉与无名静脉和上腔静脉角度小、几乎呈一条直线,所以右侧颈内静脉穿刺为首选通路[14]。
传统的颈内静脉穿刺主要通过识别体表解剖标志来定位,其成功率和操作者的临床经验相关,一次成功率较低,常需要反复穿刺,发生误穿动脉、局部血肿、气胸、血胸等并发症高。而不同患者颈内静脉解剖结构可能存在不同程度的变异,也可能存在肥胖、颈短等情况,且危重患者常伴有全身水肿、全身肌肉关节僵直等情况而无法清楚识别体表标志进而增加了穿刺的难度和误穿动脉、血肿等并发症的发生率,严重者甚至威胁患者的生命[15]。随着超声技术的发展,超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺在临床上得到了广泛的应用,改变了传统盲探穿刺方式。超声下操作者可以清楚分辨颈内静脉和颈动脉的关系以及颈内静脉走行、管腔情况及与患者皮肤表面的距离[16]。超声引导下操作者可以在可视下进行操作,通过显示图上针尖的位置调整进针的方向和深度,减少了盲目试探对患者周围血管神经组织造成的损伤,确保穿刺针进入颈内静脉,提高穿刺的安全性和成功率。 本研究中两组患者血液透析血流量、URR和Kt/v相比差异无统计学意义,表明两种穿刺方法均可以使患者得到充分的血液透析效果,但A组稍高于B组可能是由于超声引导下置管导管可以更好的放置于良好的位置,避免了打折、位置不良等情况的发生。A组患者穿刺置管时间明显短于B组,穿刺置管一次成功率、总成功率以及患者满意度明显高于B组且并发症明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义,充分表明超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺减少穿刺时间、提高了穿刺成功率、减少了患者的痛苦,是一种快速安全有效的方法。
综上所述,超声引导下颈内静脉置管不仅可以缩短穿刺时间、提高穿刺成功率和患者的满意度并且能提高尿毒症血液透析患者透析效果、降低并发症的发生率。
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[关键词] 超声引导;颈内静脉置管;尿毒症;血液透析
中图分类号:R459.5 文献标识码:B 文章编号:2095-5200(2016)05-100-04
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the application of B-ultrasound guided internal jugular venous catheterization in hemodialysis patients with uremia. Methods: A total of 200 hemodialysis patients with uremia, who underwent internal jugular vein catheterization in our hospital from May 2014 to December 2015, were randomly divided into group A (under ultrasound guidance, 98 cases) and group B (blind detection, 102 cases) underwent internal jugular vein catheterization, compared the success rate of puncture, puncture time, the satisfaction of patients, complications and blood-flow amount of the first hemodialysis, urea reduction rate (URR), urea nitrogen (Kt/v) removal rate. Results: Two groups of patients were compared generally, there was no significant difference; catheterization time of patients in group A was significantly shorter than that of group B, first puncture success rate, total success rate and patient satisfaction of group A were all significantly higher than those of group B, the difference were statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.05); total complications occurring rate of group A was significantly lower than that of group B, and their incidence rates of carotid artery injury, nerve injury, local hematoma had significant difference (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in the incidence of pneumothorax; blood-flow amount of the first hemodialysis, URR and Kt/v in patients of group A were higher than those of group B, but there were no significant differences between two groups. Conclusions: Ultrasound guided internal jugular vein catheterization can not only shorten the puncture time, improve the success rate of puncture and patients’ satisfaction, but also can improve the dialysis effect and reduce the incidence of complications in hemodialysis patients with uremia.
[Key words] ultrasound guided internal jugular vein catheterization uremia hemodialysis 透析是尿毒症患者肾脏替代治疗的重要手段[1],血液透析是不能进行腹膜透析尿毒症患者维持生命的主要方法[2-3]。维持和建立具有良好功能的血管通路是保证患者顺利充分透析的关键[4]。自体动静脉内瘘是尿毒症患者长期血液透析的首选血管通路,而对于患有糖尿病、血管炎、动脉粥样硬化等血管疾病以及伴有心功能不全患者,常无法顺利建立自体动静脉内瘘,需深静脉留置血液透析导管[5-6]。颈内静脉穿刺置管受其解剖结构特点的影响,盲探操作不仅可能会导致穿刺失败而且操作不当及反复操作会增加并发症的发生率,严重者甚至威胁患者的生命安全[7-8]。超声的应用使深静脉穿刺得以顺利完成,本研究将探讨B超引导下颈内静脉置管在尿毒症血液透析患者中应用,为尿毒症血液透析患者颈内静脉置管操作提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择本院2014年5月—2015年12月收治的200例需行颈内静脉置管血液透析的尿毒症患者,29~75岁,随机分为研究组(A组,98例)和对照组(B组,102例)。A组患者在超声引导下穿刺置管,B组患者给予传统体表解剖标记定位盲探下行颈内静脉置管。所有患者均无颈内静脉穿刺置管禁忌症,且本研究经本院伦理委员会批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书。
1.2 仪器与方法
两组患者均去枕平卧,右侧肩下垫一小枕头,头部向左侧偏斜,充分暴露颈部。A组患者消毒前使用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(GE Voluson E8、PHILIOS Envisor C HD)探头频率8~12MHz于右侧颈部进行多切面的扫描探查,明确颈内静脉和颈动脉的位置,并找出颈内静脉,将超声探头的位置调整到可以从屏幕中央的位置显示颈内静脉,此时颈内静脉处于探头正下方。采用龙胆紫溶液标记出患者右侧颈内静脉横断面中点位置以及走形方向。选择甲状软骨水平进行穿刺,常规消毒铺巾,局部浸润麻醉,将无菌保护套套住超声探头并将其放置于穿刺点上,穿刺针与皮肤呈35~45度角进行穿刺,确保通过针尖清晰显示穿刺路径,当穿刺针到达颈静脉壁时可以看到血管壁被压陷,轻轻用力针尖即可刺入颈内静脉中,回抽有血则表示穿刺成功,保持穿刺针的位置固定不动,缓慢向血管中置入导丝,小心退出穿刺针,沿穿刺方向使用扩皮器扩皮,待扩到合适程度后沿着导丝放置导管,深度为12~15cm,并再次使用超声确定导管的位置(导管末端位于上腔静脉接近右心房的开口处)后退出导丝,连接上含有肝素盐水的注射器回抽血流通畅,冲洗管腔封管,缝合皮肤固定导管并采用无菌纱布覆盖。B组患者选择中路进行穿刺,穿此前识别并标记患者胸锁乳突肌的胸骨头、锁骨头和锁骨上缘,三者形成的胸锁乳突肌三角的顶点即为穿刺进针点。常规消毒铺巾,局部浸润麻醉,先采用小针进行试穿,与患者皮肤呈30度角进针,针尖与中线平行朝向足端,边进针边进行回抽,回抽到血且血流通畅则表明试探成功,若试穿未成功则退针至皮下后调整针尖方向向外偏斜5~10度穿刺,成功后换穿刺针沿着小针试探的方向和角度进针,回抽血流通常后固定穿刺针,小心置入导丝,退出穿刺针,沿着穿刺方向扩皮至合适深度后放置导管,并使用肝素盐水冲洗管腔封管,缝皮固定导管、采用无菌纱布覆盖。两组患者所有操作均由相同的医生进行。
1.3 观察指标
观察患者穿刺置管成功率(一次成功率和总成功率)、穿刺时间、患者满意度、并发症(动脉损伤、神经损伤、局部血肿、血气胸)以及导管首次透析血流量、尿素氮下降率(URR)、整体尿素氮清除率(Kt/v)。一次成功率是指小针和穿刺针均一次成功到达颈内静脉。若试穿出现误穿动脉、神经损伤、血气胸等并发症或3次仍未成功则为穿刺失败,停止操作,改换其它穿刺部位。URR=1-(Ct/Co),Ct和Co分别指透析后和透析前的尿素氮的值。Kt/v=-ln(R-0.008t)+(4-3.5R)UF/W,ln指自然对数,R指尿素氮透析后与透析前的比值,t指透析时间,UF指透析超滤量,W指透析后干体重。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行分析,计数资料采用χ2检验,计量资料采用t检验或方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者穿刺成功率、穿刺时间及患者满意度比较
2.2 两组患者并发症发生情况比较
A组患者的并发症发生率明显低于B组,其中颈动脉损伤、神经损伤、局部血肿的发生率相比差异有统计学意义,P<0.05,血气胸的发生率相比差异无统计学意义,见表2。
2.3 两组患者首次血液透析血流量、URR和Kt/v比较
A组患者首次血液透析血流量、URR和Kt/v均高于B组,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义,见表3。
3 讨论
建立合适的血管通路是血液透析的基础[9]。理想的血管通路应操作简单安全、可以反复使用且不易发生感染、出血、血栓等并发症[10-11]。中心静脉穿刺置管则常被血液透析患者使用,可供选择的中心静脉有颈内静脉、颈外静脉、锁骨下静脉和股静脉。锁骨下静脉穿刺难度高,发生气胸并发症高且误穿动脉后不易压迫止血;股静脉穿刺操作虽简单但病人活动受限且感染发生率高,因此,这两种穿刺途径不作为首选[12-13]。因为左侧颈部有胸导管,左侧胸膜顶明显高于右侧且右侧颈内静脉与无名静脉和上腔静脉角度小、几乎呈一条直线,所以右侧颈内静脉穿刺为首选通路[14]。
传统的颈内静脉穿刺主要通过识别体表解剖标志来定位,其成功率和操作者的临床经验相关,一次成功率较低,常需要反复穿刺,发生误穿动脉、局部血肿、气胸、血胸等并发症高。而不同患者颈内静脉解剖结构可能存在不同程度的变异,也可能存在肥胖、颈短等情况,且危重患者常伴有全身水肿、全身肌肉关节僵直等情况而无法清楚识别体表标志进而增加了穿刺的难度和误穿动脉、血肿等并发症的发生率,严重者甚至威胁患者的生命[15]。随着超声技术的发展,超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺在临床上得到了广泛的应用,改变了传统盲探穿刺方式。超声下操作者可以清楚分辨颈内静脉和颈动脉的关系以及颈内静脉走行、管腔情况及与患者皮肤表面的距离[16]。超声引导下操作者可以在可视下进行操作,通过显示图上针尖的位置调整进针的方向和深度,减少了盲目试探对患者周围血管神经组织造成的损伤,确保穿刺针进入颈内静脉,提高穿刺的安全性和成功率。 本研究中两组患者血液透析血流量、URR和Kt/v相比差异无统计学意义,表明两种穿刺方法均可以使患者得到充分的血液透析效果,但A组稍高于B组可能是由于超声引导下置管导管可以更好的放置于良好的位置,避免了打折、位置不良等情况的发生。A组患者穿刺置管时间明显短于B组,穿刺置管一次成功率、总成功率以及患者满意度明显高于B组且并发症明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义,充分表明超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺减少穿刺时间、提高了穿刺成功率、减少了患者的痛苦,是一种快速安全有效的方法。
综上所述,超声引导下颈内静脉置管不仅可以缩短穿刺时间、提高穿刺成功率和患者的满意度并且能提高尿毒症血液透析患者透析效果、降低并发症的发生率。
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