0 前言 固体表面的存在诱发某种热力学上过剩的能量,一般把它称为表面自由能量。这是由于在形成固体表面时,其最表面的原子结合变得不饱和而造成的。为使此过剩的自由能量最小化,固体表面存在着自发的、趋向更稳定状态的缓和的倾向。缓和可分为固有缓和与外因缓和两种。前者可举出表面固有电子状态的创制,表面原子位置的重组及原子 0 Introduction The presence of a solid surface induces some sort of thermodynamically excess energy, commonly referred to as the surface free energy. This is due to the fact that the atomic bonds on the outermost surface of the solid surface become unsaturated. To minimize the free energy of this excess, there is a spontaneous tendency toward a more steady state on the solid surface. Mitigation can be divided into intrinsic mitigation and external mitigation two. The former includes creation of surface-intrinsic electronic states, recombination of surface atomic positions, and atoms