对产业提供补贴有很多方法。在大多数国家,对企业提供直接的现金补贴是最明显也是最重要的一种补贴形式。税收减免是另一种普遍的补贴形式:受补贴者是以减免其税收而“得到”补贴的。政府也以低于市场利率的利率或优惠条件提供贷款(即所谓“软”贷款),其差额则由纳税者来承担。有时政府为贷款担保。如果事情一切正常,那么政府的担 There are many ways to subsidize the industry. In most countries, providing direct cash subsidies to businesses is the most obvious and important form of subsidy. Tax relief is another common form of subsidy: Subsidies are subsidized by tax relief. The government also provides loans (so-called “soft” loans) at interest rates or preferential terms below the market rate, with the difference being borne by taxpayers. Sometimes the government guarantees loans. If everything is normal, then the government’s burden