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在政治革命条件逐渐成熟的背景下,第二国际中后期的社会主义运动反而出现理论与实践之间的外在冲突和内在紧张局面,并集中表现在各社会党制订党纲时的形势研判、组织形式、斗争策略以及发展目标等问题的讨论甚至争论中。恩格斯晚年对科学社会主义作了更具历史唯物主义高度的论证,但后继的正统马克思主义者在用他的理论对抗修正主义时并未取得足以影响现实运动的效果。相反,伯恩施坦却通过本质性批判马克思主义,为改良主义的政治革命路径赢得了实践空间。马克思主义正统派未能成功地将科学社会主义转化为各国无产阶级政党领导政治革命实践的科学观念,使马克思主义被各种机会主义任性曲解。
In the context of the gradual maturation of the political revolution, the socialist movement in the second half of the international stage appeared instead of external conflicts and internal tensions between theory and practice, and concentrated on the judgment and organization of the social parties when they formulated the party’s program Struggle strategies and development goals and other issues discussed and even argued. Engels later made a more historical argument of scientific socialism with historical materialism, but the follow-up orthodox Marxists did not achieve enough effect on the actual movement when using his theory against revisionism. On the contrary, Bernstein has won practical space for the reformist political-revolutionary path by essentially criticizing Marxism. The failure of the Marxist Orthodox to successfully transform scientific socialism into a scientific concept of political revolution led by proletarian parties in all countries leads Marxism to be misinterpreted by all kinds of opportunism.