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牛黄系脊索动物门哺乳纲动物黄牛Bostau-rus domesticus Gmelin的胆囊结石(少数为胆管,肝管结石),药材称“天然牛黄”,规格分蛋黄牛黄,管黄牛黄。《神农本草》列为上品,主产于北京、辽宁等东北地区,进口牛黄主产于加拿大、阿根廷、马来西亚等国。因其珍贵稀少,价格昂贵,长期以来,牛黄掺假屡有发生,据报道有动物、植物、矿物等。如黄连、黄芩、大黄、姜黄等粉末,牛胆汁、蛋黄、蛋清、树胶、柠檬黄、无粒淀粉,肝管内的沉积物以及水牛、耗牛、犏牛的胆囊结石或以骆驼黄、熊的胆结石充牛黄出售。为确保药物质量,现将天然牛黄的经验鉴别、显微鉴别、理化鉴别介绍如下:
Buffalo chordate phylum Galacterial cattle gallbladder Bostau-rus domesticus Gmelin gallstones (a small number of bile ducts, hepatic duct stones), herbs called “natural bezoar”, the specifications of the egg yolk Niu Huang, tube yellow bezoar. “Shen Nong’s Materia Medica” is listed as a top grade, mainly produced in Beijing, Liaoning and other northeast regions, and imported bezoar is mainly produced in Canada, Argentina, Malaysia and other countries. Due to its scarcity and high prices, there have been frequent occurrences of bezoar adulteration, and animals, plants and minerals have been reported. Such as berberine, astragalus, rhubarb, turmeric and other powders, bovine bile, egg yolk, egg white, gum, lemon yellow, amylum, sediment in the liver and gallstones of buffaloes, cattle, yaks or camel, bear Gallstones are sold in bezoar. In order to ensure the quality of drugs, the empirical identification, microscopic identification, and physicochemical identification of natural bezoar are described as follows: