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英国普通法上的诉讼答辩制度是三大程序性机制之一,该制度经历了在内容上从概括答辩到特殊答辩的变革,其变迁直接影响了普通法实体规则的呈现和发展:概括答辩模式下事实和法律浑然一体,而特殊答辩在诉讼中引入新的事实,促使事实和法律规则相分离,法律规则有了独立发展的可能。因此,诉讼答辩制度的变化与普通法实体规则体系的发展密切相关。这也印证了英法史长久以来的命题———普通法程序性机制深刻影响着法律自身的变动。
The common law lawsuit defense system in the UK is one of three major procedural mechanisms. The system has undergone a change in content from a general defense to a special defense. Its changes have a direct impact on the presentation and development of common law substantive rules: the general defense mode Under the fact and the law seamless, and the special defense in the proceedings to introduce new facts, prompting the fact and legal rules are separated, the legal rules have the possibility of independent development. Therefore, the change of litigation defense system is closely related to the development of the rule of law system in common law. This also confirms the long-standing proposition of English-French history that the common law procedural mechanisms profoundly affect the law’s own changes.