汉末魏晋南北朝时期墓葬中神仙与佛教混合图像,呈现传统神仙信仰与外来佛教信仰融合发展的情形,神仙信仰逐渐弱化与佛教信仰日益增强成为总体趋势。具体可分为汉末魏晋时期、南北朝时期两个发展阶段。汉末魏晋时期墓葬中佛教图像,大体作为神仙的一种表现,神仙信仰发挥着主导作用。而且,佛像比较普遍地表现在墓室或用于装饰随葬品,将礼拜供养的佛陀偶像用于丧葬,反映了当时佛教发展的早期性。汉末、魏晋的情况略有不同,汉末流行神仙世界主神东王公、西王母图像,佛教图像的数量和形式有限,反映儒家忠孝观念图像占有重要位置,这是汉末社会神仙思想与儒家思想盛行的产物。魏晋则流行神仙类图像,几乎不见东王公、西王母与反映儒家思想图像,佛教图像的数量和形式显著增加,还出现比较明确的净土信仰图像,表明佛教影响力上升和儒家思想沦落的现状。南北朝时期墓葬中神仙类图像,与佛教性质图像的数量和种类大体相若,两者结合十分紧密,呈现升仙与往生佛国净土观念并行发展状态。莲花、摩尼宝珠、莲花化生等佛教性质图像数量众多,将墓室打造成净土世界,一般不再将佛陀作为一方神仙表现在墓室,或用于装饰随葬品,这是当时佛教发展到较高程度的反映。此时期流行的孝子图像与升仙和往生净土观念联系密切。汉末魏晋南北朝时期墓葬中反映现实生活图像,或再现墓主人生前的荣华,或表述儒家忠孝思想,并将现实生活与死后升仙及往生净土有机地联系在一起。汉末儒家思想图像多与升仙关联,而南北朝时期儒家思想图像亦与佛国净土关联,儒家思想图像衰微、神仙图像弱化及佛教图像强化,形成总体发展趋势。 Mixed images of gods and Buddhists in the tombs at the end of the Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, showing the fusion of traditional and foreign Buddhism. The immorality of Buddhism and the increasing belief in Buddhism became the general trend. Specific can be divided into Han Dynasty Wei and Jin Dynasties, two stages of development during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Buddhism images in the tombs in the late Han and Wei Dynasties generally served as a manifestation of the gods and the god faith played a leading role. Moreover, Buddhist statues were more commonly found in the burial grounds or for decoration of funerary objects, and funeral services were used to worship the Buddha idols, reflecting the early nature of Buddhism at that time. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasties were slightly different. The numbers and forms of the images of Lord God, the Queen Mother of the Queen and the images of Buddhism in the world were very limited at the end of the Han Dynasty, reflecting the Confucian image of loyalty and filial piety occupying an important position. This was the social fairy thought and Confucianism Popular product. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, the images of gods and immigrants were almost disappeared. The numbers and forms of Buddhism images were greatly increased. There was also a clear image of the Pure Land Faith images, indicating the rising influence of Buddhism and the decline of Confucianism. The images of the gods in tombs during the Southern and Northern Dynasties are similar to the numbers and types of the Buddhism images. The combination of the two is very close and shows the state of parallel development of the concept of pure land in the Buddhist kingdom. Many Buddhist images of nature, such as Lotus, Mani orb and Abalone, have transformed the tomb into a Pure Land world. The Buddha is no longer represented in the tomb as a fairy or used to decorate funeral objects. This was the time when Buddhism developed to a higher The degree of reflection. The images of filial piety prevailing at this period are closely linked with the idea of ​​ascending immortality and rejuvenating the Pure Land. In the late Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the images of real life were reflected in the tombs, or the glory of the tomb master was reappeared, or the Confucian loyalty and filial piety thought was expressed, and the real life was organically linked with the immortal immortality and the pure land of reincarnation. The images of Confucianism at the end of the Han Dynasty were mostly associated with ascension, whereas the images of Confucianism in the Northern and Southern Dynasties were also associated with Buddhism’s Pure Land, the decline of Confucianism, the weakening of fairy images and the strengthening of Buddhist images, forming an overall trend of development.