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[摘 要]本文從美国汽车工业的兴起和衰落说起，由其导致的一系列城市、文化和生活方式的改变，和美国梦的逐渐转变。分析汽车如何变成美国全民追逐的话题-汽车是美国新式生活代表，也诠释着新的美国梦。
[关键词]汽车，美国梦，美国，城市规划
中图分类号：U348 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-914X（2016）04-0224-03
[Abstract]This paper rises from a curiosity of the rise and fall of the US auto industrial history， which triggered a series of urban， cultural and lifestyle changes， and implied a gradual development of American Dream in different periods. As the economic base determines the superstructure， in order to comprehend the full series of events， I would start the history research from the US economy in Post-World War II. I would then explain how the automobile became the main pillar of the American economy， which is exactly what the whole country chasing after. In that period， automobile was an symbol of the Americans’ new lifestyle， also it embodied the American Dream.
[Key words]Automonbile， Architecture， American Dream， Urban Planning.
1.Introduction
From the assembly lines of Henry Ford’s Model T to the General Motors’ Auto Dealer’s Guidebook， from the heyday of auto industry to the decline of Detroit， from the ‘Drive-in’ culture to Googie Architecture， America history can be say to be a vehicular history. Man did make automobile， nevertheless automobile shapes the city and people’s life.
The infinite possibilities of interaction between automobiles and cities brought a large-scale transformation of American cities - private automobile can provide a more convenient and comfortable journey for long-distance transportation， which brings the rise of the suburbs， large shopping malls， expansion of city cluster. A new kinds of ‘drive-in’and ‘drive- thru’ cultures， that served customers as vehicles rather than pedestrian， were emerging up. However these rapid transformed cities appeared to be vulnerable by the sudden impacts from oil crisis， the automotive industry crisis， and so on. This leads that the government had to enact compelling strategy for reversing the automobile dependency.
In the meanwhile， an artistic movement of Futurism attracted a numbers of pioneer architects， who want to find an architecture form that could characterize strong chromatics， long dynamic lines， suggesting speed， motion， urgency and lyricism. It is called Futurist Architecture today， represented by Antonio Sant’Elia， Le Corbusier， and Zaha Hadid most recently. Googie Architecture， as an branch of this movement， combined the inspiration of futurist automobile and translated the futurist vision into an urban form， which I think is the key to solve city development issues while to withstand the impact from future crisis. Transform the automobile shapes cities become a humanistic city in the future. 2.Desire and Design of automobiles
The 1950s were particularly critical for the American automobile industry. The war era brought in wide range of new technologies to the automobile industry， which led to speedy matured； in turn， mass production and greater profits led to innovative designs. By the end of the decade， the industry had reshaped into the Big Three - General Motors， Ford， and Chrysler - the age of small automobile manufacturers were over， either being acquired or bankrupt. Since then， automobile industry became the largest economy and Industry in the U.S， and even many times larger than the
automotive industries of the rest of the world summed up. The 1950s were the climax of American automotive industry， while it also shaped the United States into an economic superpower.
The automotive history was also developed by a large number of innovative products being invented or improved in this period， such as air conditioning，automatic transmission，power steering， power brakes，seat belts，V8 engine， etc.
3.Is automobile the toxicant or antidote to city
City is the inevitable outcome when human society develops to a certain stage. Since industrial revolution， modern cities have been though a rapid expansion on the scale and scope. Modern cities allow human to enjoy the materials and spiritual civilisation， at the same time they are also bringing environmental degradation， resource depletion， traffic
congestion， land constraints and other urban problems. Whereas automobiles need to take the responsibility and pay for these urban problems.
Firstly，the extensive using of automobiles leads to the spread of cities.As Levittown， agricultural and natural space has been transformed into roads and parking lots， and pedestrian-base traditional villages have become a spreading city. The speed of city spread is much higher than ever since the private automobiles become popular. Automobiles actually are the shaper of the urban form.
Secondly，in turn， the spread of cities leads to the dependence on automobiles.Los Angeles is a good example.Once the spread city is formed，there are more demands on automobiles to transport around the city and suburbs.What’s worse，the residential areas were distributed in every corner of the city，so that is impossible to use rail transportation， or even impossible to use an efficient bus transportation. More Americans are tending to drive their own automobiles
and fewer are using public transportation， which further burdens the city and country’s resources. In some instances， the automotive industry is directly responsible for the decline of public transportation. Finally，cities’dependence on automobiles will result in serious foreseen and unforeseen consequences： automobile accidents， air pollution， water pollution，traffic congestion， noise pollution， consumption of fossil fuels，and so on. These will create a huge potential to harm the health of people living in the city and also damage to the existence of urban - Nature.
The problem is we are using an anti-nature development model. We are making better quality automobiles rather than reducing their quantity； we are slowing down the urban spreading speed rather than reversing its expansion and
reducing the ecological impact； we are constructing the road wider and longer， looking forward to future highway， rather than reducing automobile lanes， using railways， country roads or bike paths instead； we are even providing a variety of financial subsidies and preferential policies to the fossil supplier， rather than working together with architecture and urban planning companies.
Automobile dominated modern city is not healthy， its planning and design are anti-nature， but the devastation of nature cannot be avoided. As a result， traditional urban planning driven by automobile culture needs be terminated， where in my project， I have designed a museum to contain all these unhealthy plans， which could be a lesson that any developed countries may have to go through. But what I’ve designed is only for commemorating， not for inheriting.
4.Ideology of Prospective Urban Design in Post-World War II
a）Futurist Architecture
Futurist architecture is an early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy， characterised by strong chromaticism， long dynamic lines， suggesting speed， motion， urgency and lyricism： it was a part of Futurism， an artistic movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti， who produced its first manifesto， the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets， musicians， artists but also a number of architects. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the themes of the Futurists. The latter group included the architect Antonio Sant’Elia， who， though building little， translated the futurist vision into an urban form.
b）Googie Architecture
Googie architecture is a branch of futurist architecture influenced by car culture， along with the booming ‘drive-in’，‘drive- thru’ culture in 1960s. With the automobile dominated cities gradually spreading over the whole country， business owners quickly realise the behaviour of customers is changed. Googie architecture happened to become a national phenomenon. As Googie scholar Alan Hess （2012） said， ‘One of the key things about Googie architecture was that it wasn’t custom houses for wealthy people - it was for coffee shops， gas stations， car washes， banks… the average buildings of everyday life that people of that period used and lived in. And it brought that spirit of the modern age to their daily lives’. Inherited from futurism architecture， it used high-tech mechanical language to make people feel like living in the future.
5.Conclusion
This paper reveals a complete life cycle of the automobile industry in U.S. from arising to booming till the decline. It reflects the Game Theory between automobiles and cities in the Post-World War II era， by analysing the economic state of the U.S. in Post-World War II period， demonstrating the importance of a good social environment and how it could affect the arise of the automobile industry， pointing out how cars industry and the production itself stimulate the change or progress of urban planning system， and finally leading to the birth of new architecture styles and vernacular buildings. With the society and the history developing， it gradually forms a new automobile-related business chain， while the signs of urban decay and environmental pollution bringing people to rethink about the values of balance.
Googie Architecture， as the fusion of Futurist Architecture and automobile culture， it not only follows the high-tech mechanical features from Futurist， which can create a more dynamic and efficient city. But it also can adapt to the city’s characters even transformation brought by the rapidly increasing quantity of automobile. Googie Architecture was a perfect solution for city development and satisfied people’s need. It supposed to be the antidote of automobile dominated city. However， bounded to the slowdown in economic growth and a series of environmental and social problems brought by the rapid development， the vision for utopia finally became unaffordable.
Kisho Kurokawa said，‘the 1970s is the era where the antithesis between urban and nature，between people and technology intensified. Our value system was shaken， ... our reliance on technology was also shaken.’The pursuit of utopia was being doubted， as it resulted in the following Postmodernism and Deconstruction being appeared to be dull and lifeless. The entire era was filled with anxiety and Instability. Googie Architecture was actually being destroyed by that era， with regret.
Nowadays，computer technology spawn to the arrival of globalisation， the world economy ushered in a new round of explosive growth， many unrealisable utopia projects in the past have now been achieved. With the high technology support， society being more stable and developed， I propose to have the renaissance of Googie Architecture for the appropriate developed cities， which I think would be the future of city development.
[关键词]汽车，美国梦，美国，城市规划
中图分类号：U348 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-914X（2016）04-0224-03
[Abstract]This paper rises from a curiosity of the rise and fall of the US auto industrial history， which triggered a series of urban， cultural and lifestyle changes， and implied a gradual development of American Dream in different periods. As the economic base determines the superstructure， in order to comprehend the full series of events， I would start the history research from the US economy in Post-World War II. I would then explain how the automobile became the main pillar of the American economy， which is exactly what the whole country chasing after. In that period， automobile was an symbol of the Americans’ new lifestyle， also it embodied the American Dream.
[Key words]Automonbile， Architecture， American Dream， Urban Planning.
1.Introduction
From the assembly lines of Henry Ford’s Model T to the General Motors’ Auto Dealer’s Guidebook， from the heyday of auto industry to the decline of Detroit， from the ‘Drive-in’ culture to Googie Architecture， America history can be say to be a vehicular history. Man did make automobile， nevertheless automobile shapes the city and people’s life.
The infinite possibilities of interaction between automobiles and cities brought a large-scale transformation of American cities - private automobile can provide a more convenient and comfortable journey for long-distance transportation， which brings the rise of the suburbs， large shopping malls， expansion of city cluster. A new kinds of ‘drive-in’and ‘drive- thru’ cultures， that served customers as vehicles rather than pedestrian， were emerging up. However these rapid transformed cities appeared to be vulnerable by the sudden impacts from oil crisis， the automotive industry crisis， and so on. This leads that the government had to enact compelling strategy for reversing the automobile dependency.
In the meanwhile， an artistic movement of Futurism attracted a numbers of pioneer architects， who want to find an architecture form that could characterize strong chromatics， long dynamic lines， suggesting speed， motion， urgency and lyricism. It is called Futurist Architecture today， represented by Antonio Sant’Elia， Le Corbusier， and Zaha Hadid most recently. Googie Architecture， as an branch of this movement， combined the inspiration of futurist automobile and translated the futurist vision into an urban form， which I think is the key to solve city development issues while to withstand the impact from future crisis. Transform the automobile shapes cities become a humanistic city in the future. 2.Desire and Design of automobiles
The 1950s were particularly critical for the American automobile industry. The war era brought in wide range of new technologies to the automobile industry， which led to speedy matured； in turn， mass production and greater profits led to innovative designs. By the end of the decade， the industry had reshaped into the Big Three - General Motors， Ford， and Chrysler - the age of small automobile manufacturers were over， either being acquired or bankrupt. Since then， automobile industry became the largest economy and Industry in the U.S， and even many times larger than the
automotive industries of the rest of the world summed up. The 1950s were the climax of American automotive industry， while it also shaped the United States into an economic superpower.
The automotive history was also developed by a large number of innovative products being invented or improved in this period， such as air conditioning，automatic transmission，power steering， power brakes，seat belts，V8 engine， etc.
3.Is automobile the toxicant or antidote to city
City is the inevitable outcome when human society develops to a certain stage. Since industrial revolution， modern cities have been though a rapid expansion on the scale and scope. Modern cities allow human to enjoy the materials and spiritual civilisation， at the same time they are also bringing environmental degradation， resource depletion， traffic
congestion， land constraints and other urban problems. Whereas automobiles need to take the responsibility and pay for these urban problems.
Firstly，the extensive using of automobiles leads to the spread of cities.As Levittown， agricultural and natural space has been transformed into roads and parking lots， and pedestrian-base traditional villages have become a spreading city. The speed of city spread is much higher than ever since the private automobiles become popular. Automobiles actually are the shaper of the urban form.
Secondly，in turn， the spread of cities leads to the dependence on automobiles.Los Angeles is a good example.Once the spread city is formed，there are more demands on automobiles to transport around the city and suburbs.What’s worse，the residential areas were distributed in every corner of the city，so that is impossible to use rail transportation， or even impossible to use an efficient bus transportation. More Americans are tending to drive their own automobiles
and fewer are using public transportation， which further burdens the city and country’s resources. In some instances， the automotive industry is directly responsible for the decline of public transportation. Finally，cities’dependence on automobiles will result in serious foreseen and unforeseen consequences： automobile accidents， air pollution， water pollution，traffic congestion， noise pollution， consumption of fossil fuels，and so on. These will create a huge potential to harm the health of people living in the city and also damage to the existence of urban - Nature.
The problem is we are using an anti-nature development model. We are making better quality automobiles rather than reducing their quantity； we are slowing down the urban spreading speed rather than reversing its expansion and
reducing the ecological impact； we are constructing the road wider and longer， looking forward to future highway， rather than reducing automobile lanes， using railways， country roads or bike paths instead； we are even providing a variety of financial subsidies and preferential policies to the fossil supplier， rather than working together with architecture and urban planning companies.
Automobile dominated modern city is not healthy， its planning and design are anti-nature， but the devastation of nature cannot be avoided. As a result， traditional urban planning driven by automobile culture needs be terminated， where in my project， I have designed a museum to contain all these unhealthy plans， which could be a lesson that any developed countries may have to go through. But what I’ve designed is only for commemorating， not for inheriting.
4.Ideology of Prospective Urban Design in Post-World War II
a）Futurist Architecture
Futurist architecture is an early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy， characterised by strong chromaticism， long dynamic lines， suggesting speed， motion， urgency and lyricism： it was a part of Futurism， an artistic movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti， who produced its first manifesto， the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets， musicians， artists but also a number of architects. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the themes of the Futurists. The latter group included the architect Antonio Sant’Elia， who， though building little， translated the futurist vision into an urban form.
b）Googie Architecture
Googie architecture is a branch of futurist architecture influenced by car culture， along with the booming ‘drive-in’，‘drive- thru’ culture in 1960s. With the automobile dominated cities gradually spreading over the whole country， business owners quickly realise the behaviour of customers is changed. Googie architecture happened to become a national phenomenon. As Googie scholar Alan Hess （2012） said， ‘One of the key things about Googie architecture was that it wasn’t custom houses for wealthy people - it was for coffee shops， gas stations， car washes， banks… the average buildings of everyday life that people of that period used and lived in. And it brought that spirit of the modern age to their daily lives’. Inherited from futurism architecture， it used high-tech mechanical language to make people feel like living in the future.
5.Conclusion
This paper reveals a complete life cycle of the automobile industry in U.S. from arising to booming till the decline. It reflects the Game Theory between automobiles and cities in the Post-World War II era， by analysing the economic state of the U.S. in Post-World War II period， demonstrating the importance of a good social environment and how it could affect the arise of the automobile industry， pointing out how cars industry and the production itself stimulate the change or progress of urban planning system， and finally leading to the birth of new architecture styles and vernacular buildings. With the society and the history developing， it gradually forms a new automobile-related business chain， while the signs of urban decay and environmental pollution bringing people to rethink about the values of balance.
Googie Architecture， as the fusion of Futurist Architecture and automobile culture， it not only follows the high-tech mechanical features from Futurist， which can create a more dynamic and efficient city. But it also can adapt to the city’s characters even transformation brought by the rapidly increasing quantity of automobile. Googie Architecture was a perfect solution for city development and satisfied people’s need. It supposed to be the antidote of automobile dominated city. However， bounded to the slowdown in economic growth and a series of environmental and social problems brought by the rapid development， the vision for utopia finally became unaffordable.
Kisho Kurokawa said，‘the 1970s is the era where the antithesis between urban and nature，between people and technology intensified. Our value system was shaken， ... our reliance on technology was also shaken.’The pursuit of utopia was being doubted， as it resulted in the following Postmodernism and Deconstruction being appeared to be dull and lifeless. The entire era was filled with anxiety and Instability. Googie Architecture was actually being destroyed by that era， with regret.
Nowadays，computer technology spawn to the arrival of globalisation， the world economy ushered in a new round of explosive growth， many unrealisable utopia projects in the past have now been achieved. With the high technology support， society being more stable and developed， I propose to have the renaissance of Googie Architecture for the appropriate developed cities， which I think would be the future of city development.