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摘要:牙鲆弹状病毒(Hirame rhabdovirus,HIRRV)可以引起牙鲆、香鱼等肌肉组织器官及内脏出血,造血器官坏死,给鱼类养殖带来巨大经济损失。HIRRV具有囊膜,属于弹状病毒科粒外弹状病毒属。病毒基因组为单股负链的RNA,长约11 000 bp,主要包含5个基因,可编码核蛋白(nucleoperotein,N)、磷蛋白(phosphoperotein,P)、基质蛋白(matrix preotein,M)、糖蛋白(glycoperotein,G)、依赖RNA的RNA酶(RNA polymerase protein,L)和非结构蛋白(non-virion perotein,NV)。本文就目前国内外关于HIRRV的流行特点、生物学特征、分类地位、基因组及其蛋白产物的特征以及检测方法等方面进行了较为全面的概述,旨在为该病的预防、控制以及致病机理方面的研究提供依据。
关键词:牙鲆弹状病毒;基因组;编码蛋白;检测方法
中图分类号: S941.41文献标志码: A文章编号:1002-1302(2015)01-0231-03
收稿日期:2014-03-21
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(编号:41276174)。
作者简介:张小飞(1990—),女,河南宝丰人,硕士研究生,从事海洋生物疫病研究。Tel:(0411)82583668;E-mail:longlongai3227@163.com。
通信作者:贾赟,高级兽医师,从事动物传染病检测、防制研究。E-mail:jxy750921@163.com。牙鲆弹状病毒(Hirame rhabdovirus,HIRRV)为单股负链RNA病毒,是弹状病毒科粒外弹状病毒属新成员,流行病学上表现为低温(≤15 ℃)发病,主要感染牙鲆、香鱼,感染鱼其鳍、肌肉组织及内部器官出血,造血器官坏死;人工感染对黑鲷、无备平鲉和虹鳟等海水鱼类或降河洄游鱼类具有强烈致病性,给全球海水养殖业造成了严重的经济损失[1-2]。根据《中韩进出口活水生动物检验检疫协议》,进出境的鲈鱼、真鲷、牙鲆、大菱鲆、鲤鱼、鲫鱼等养殖和种苗用鱼种,均要进行HIRRV疫病检测,口岸安全意义重大。国外对HIRRV的研究相对较早,而国内目前研究主要集中在病毒分离、基因组测序和分子诊断方法的建立等方面工作[1-2],研究内容相对局限。本文就目前国内外关于HIRRV的流行特点、生物学特征、分类地位、基因组及其蛋白产物的特征以及检测方法等方面进行了较为全面的概述,旨在为该病的预防、控制以及致病机理方面的研究提供依据。
1发现及流行
1986年,首次在日本兵库县的患病牙鲆和香鱼鱼苗中分离得到HIRRV日本株(8401-H)[3],1987年Sano等在香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)、黑鲷(Milio macrocephalus)、无备平鲉(Sebastes inermis)中也发现了HIRRV[4]。1997年、2007年又分别在韩国南部海域的牙鲆和中国山东荣成的石鲽幼鱼中发病,并经分离得到HIRRV韩国株(CA-9703)和中国株(SR080113)[1,5]。HIRRV主要感染海水鱼,但 1992年Oseko等试验发现HIRRV对部分淡水鱼同样具有致病性[6],不过在淡水鱼养殖方面目前还没有发现该病毒。直到2012年EURL会议(16th Annual Meeting of the National Reference Laboratories for Fish Diseases)报告指出HIRRV在中国淡水鱼养殖中已经广泛传播。2013年Borzym等在欧洲的河鳟鱼(淡水鱼)中分离得到了HIRRV病毒(j.No.207237),经过测序分析发现欧洲株和中国株P基因的同源性达到99%,L和N基因的同源性在99%以上[7],有学者认为HIRRV欧洲株很可能是通过冷冻食品由中国进入欧洲。
2生物学特征
HIRRV病毒粒子呈弹状,为弹状病毒典型的形态学特征,病毒粒子长160~180 nm,宽60~80 nm。基因组长度约为11 000 bp[1,5],主要与核蛋白(N) 结合形成核衣壳,呈螺旋对称,在核衣壳上还结合有少量的聚合酶(L) 和磷蛋白(P);囊膜,紧密地包裹着核衣壳,囊膜由脂质和蛋白质组成,其内表面为基质蛋白(M),囊膜上有糖蛋白(G) 突起。成熟的病毒粒子通过细胞膜出芽,释放到胞膜外。
该病毒能够在EPC(鲤鱼上皮瘤细胞系)、FHM(肥头鲤细胞系)、CHSE-214(大鳞大马哈鱼胚胎细胞系)、CO(草鱼卵巢细胞系)、CIK(草鱼肾细胞系)、BF-2(蓝鳃鱼幼鱼细胞系)、R1(虹鳟肝细胞系)、SSN-1(纹鳢细胞系)等鱼类细胞上增殖,并出现细胞病变效应(cytopathogenic effect,CPE),其中FHM、EPC、BF-2、CHSE-214最为敏感,最大滴度达到107 TCID50/100 μL;该病毒的最适生长温度为20 ℃,仅2 d就能病变完全,而且病毒滴度达到109 TCID50/100 μL[8]。该病毒的感染活性可以被pH值(3.0和9.0)、脂溶剂(三氯甲烷)以及热(56 ℃,30 min)等破坏。
3分类地位
1991年,Nishizawa等发现HIRRV由N、P、M、G、L 等5个结构蛋白构成,其蛋白质电泳图谱和狂犬病毒属相似,把HIRRV归到弹状病毒科的狂犬病毒属[9]。直到1997年Kurath等发现G基因和L基因之间存在NV基因[10];2000年国际病毒学分类委员会(ICTV)第7次报告中,正式把HIRRV列为弹状病毒科的一个新属——粒外弹状病毒属[11]。粒外弹状病毒属病毒在其糖蛋白和聚合酶蛋白之间均存在一个独特的非结构蛋白,该蛋白存在于受感染的细胞中,但不存在于成熟的病毒粒子中,这也是粒外弹状病毒区别于水疱病毒的一个主要标志[12]。 [1]Sun YJ,Liu H,Yue Z Q et al. Analysis and characterization of the complete genomic sequence of the Chinese strain of Hirame rhabdovirus[J]. Journal of Fish Diseases,2011,34(2):167-171.
[2]Sun Y J,Yue Z Q,Liu H,et al. Development and evaluation of a sensitive and quantitative assay for Hirame rhabdovirus based on quantitative RT-PCR[J]. Journal of Virological Methods,2010,169(2):391-396.
[3]Kimura T,Yoshimizu M,Gorie S. A new rhabdovirus isolated in Japan from cultured hirame(Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus and ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)[J]. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,1986,10(1):209-217.
[4]Sano T,Fukuda H. Principal microbial diseases of mariculture in Japan[J]. Aquaculture,1987,67 (1/2):59-69.
[5]Kim D H,Oh H K,Eou J I,et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of the hirame rhabdovirus,a pathogen of Marine fish[J]. Virus Research,2005,107(1):1-9.
[6]Oseko,Norihisa,Yoshimizu,et al. Pathogenicity of rhabdovirus olivaceus(hirame rhabdovirus;HRV) for salmonid fish[J]. Oji International Symposium on Salmonid Diseases,1992(1):80-87.
[7]Borzym E,Matras M,Maj-Paluch J,et al. First isolation of hirame rhabdovirus from freshwater fish in Europe[J]. Journal of Fish Diseases,2014,37(5):423-430.
[8]孙颖杰,江育林,刘荭,等. 石鲽鱼鱼苗中一种弹状病毒的分离与鉴定[J]. 中国兽医学报,2009,29(3):277-282.
[9]Nishizawa T,Yoshimizu M,Winton J,et al. Characterization of structural proteins of hirame rhabdovirus[J]. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,1991,10:167-172.
[10]Kurath G,Higman K H,Bjrklund H V. Distribution and variation of NV genes in fish rhabdoviruses[J]. The Journal of General Virology,1997,78:113-117.
[11]van Regenmortel M V,Fauquet C M,Bishop D L,et al. Virus taxonomy:seventh report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses[M]. New York:Academic Press,2000:563-583.
[12]Johnson M C,Maxwell J M,Loh P C,et al. Molecular characterization of the glycoproteins from two warm water rhabdoviruses:snakehead rhabdovirus(SHRV) and rhabdovirus of penaeid shrimp (RPS)/spring viremia of carp virus(SVCV)[J]. Virus Research,1999,64(2):95-106.
[13]Nishizawa T,Kurath G,Winton J R,et al. Nucleotide sequence of the 2 matrix protein genes(M1 and M2)of hirame rhabdovirus,a fish rhabdovirus [J]. Vet Res,1995,26(2):408-412.
[14]Nishizawa T,Yoshimizu M,Winton J,et al. Comparison of genome size and synthesis of structural protein of hirame rhabdovirus,infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus,and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus[J]. Fish Pathology,1991,26:77-78. [15]Conzelmann K K. Nonsegmentad negative-strand RNA viruses:Genetics and manipulation of viral genomes[J]. Annual Review of Genetics,1998,32(1):123-162.
[16]Heaton L A,Hillman B I,Hunter B G,et al. Physical map of the genome of sonchus yellow net virus,a plant rhabdovirus with six genes and conserved gene junction sequences[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1989,86(22):8665-8668.
[17]Bjrklund H V,Higman K H,Kurath G. The glycoprotein genes and gene junctions of the fish rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus:analysis of relationships with other rhabdoviruses[J]. Virus Research,1996,42(1/2):65-80.
[18]Nishizawa T,Kurath G,Winton J R. Sequence analysis and expression of the M1 and M2 matrix protein genes of Hirame rhabdovirus(HIRRV)[J]. Dis Aquat Org,1997,31(1):9-17.
[19]Bjrklund H V,Higman K H,Kurath G. The glycoprotein genes and gene junctions of the fish rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus:analysis of relationships with other rhabdoviruses[J]. Virus Research,1996,42(1/2):65-80.
[20]Banerjee A K. Transcription and replication of rhabdoviruses[J]. Microbio. Rew.,1987,51(1):66-87.
[21]Banerjee A K. The transcription complex of vesicular stomatitis virus[J]. Cell,1987,48(3):363-364.
[22]Nishizawa T,Yoshimizu M,Winton J,et al.Comparison of structural protein on fish rhabdoviruses [J]. Proceedings of the OJI International Symposium Diseases,1992,72-79.
[23]Majumder A,Basak S,Raha T,et al. Effect of osmolytes and chaperone-like action of P-protein on folding of nucleocapsid protein of Chandipura virus[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(33):30948-30955.
[24]Majumdar A,Bhattacharya R,Basak S,et al. P-Protein of Chandipura virus is an N-protein-specific chaperone that acts at the nucleation stage[J]. Biochemistry,2004,43(10):2863-2870.
[25]Mavrakis M,Méhouas S,Réal E,et al. Rabies virus chaperone:identification of the phosphoprotein peptide that keeps nucleoprotein soluble and free from non-specific RNA[J]. Virology,2006,349(2):422-429.
[26]Masters P S,Banerjee A K. Complex formation with vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein NS prevents binding of nucleocapsid protein N to nonspecific RNA[J]. Journal of Virology,1988,62(8):2658-2664.
[27]Sehutze H,Mundt E,Mettenlaiter T C. Complete genomes queen of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus,a fish rhabdovirus[J]. Virus Genes,1999,19(1):59-65.
[28]Yasuike M,Kondo H,Hirono I,et al. Gene expression profile of HIRRV G and N protein gene vaccinated Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus during HIRRV infection[J]. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,2011,34(2):103-110.
关键词:牙鲆弹状病毒;基因组;编码蛋白;检测方法
中图分类号: S941.41文献标志码: A文章编号:1002-1302(2015)01-0231-03
收稿日期:2014-03-21
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(编号:41276174)。
作者简介:张小飞(1990—),女,河南宝丰人,硕士研究生,从事海洋生物疫病研究。Tel:(0411)82583668;E-mail:longlongai3227@163.com。
通信作者:贾赟,高级兽医师,从事动物传染病检测、防制研究。E-mail:jxy750921@163.com。牙鲆弹状病毒(Hirame rhabdovirus,HIRRV)为单股负链RNA病毒,是弹状病毒科粒外弹状病毒属新成员,流行病学上表现为低温(≤15 ℃)发病,主要感染牙鲆、香鱼,感染鱼其鳍、肌肉组织及内部器官出血,造血器官坏死;人工感染对黑鲷、无备平鲉和虹鳟等海水鱼类或降河洄游鱼类具有强烈致病性,给全球海水养殖业造成了严重的经济损失[1-2]。根据《中韩进出口活水生动物检验检疫协议》,进出境的鲈鱼、真鲷、牙鲆、大菱鲆、鲤鱼、鲫鱼等养殖和种苗用鱼种,均要进行HIRRV疫病检测,口岸安全意义重大。国外对HIRRV的研究相对较早,而国内目前研究主要集中在病毒分离、基因组测序和分子诊断方法的建立等方面工作[1-2],研究内容相对局限。本文就目前国内外关于HIRRV的流行特点、生物学特征、分类地位、基因组及其蛋白产物的特征以及检测方法等方面进行了较为全面的概述,旨在为该病的预防、控制以及致病机理方面的研究提供依据。
1发现及流行
1986年,首次在日本兵库县的患病牙鲆和香鱼鱼苗中分离得到HIRRV日本株(8401-H)[3],1987年Sano等在香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)、黑鲷(Milio macrocephalus)、无备平鲉(Sebastes inermis)中也发现了HIRRV[4]。1997年、2007年又分别在韩国南部海域的牙鲆和中国山东荣成的石鲽幼鱼中发病,并经分离得到HIRRV韩国株(CA-9703)和中国株(SR080113)[1,5]。HIRRV主要感染海水鱼,但 1992年Oseko等试验发现HIRRV对部分淡水鱼同样具有致病性[6],不过在淡水鱼养殖方面目前还没有发现该病毒。直到2012年EURL会议(16th Annual Meeting of the National Reference Laboratories for Fish Diseases)报告指出HIRRV在中国淡水鱼养殖中已经广泛传播。2013年Borzym等在欧洲的河鳟鱼(淡水鱼)中分离得到了HIRRV病毒(j.No.207237),经过测序分析发现欧洲株和中国株P基因的同源性达到99%,L和N基因的同源性在99%以上[7],有学者认为HIRRV欧洲株很可能是通过冷冻食品由中国进入欧洲。
2生物学特征
HIRRV病毒粒子呈弹状,为弹状病毒典型的形态学特征,病毒粒子长160~180 nm,宽60~80 nm。基因组长度约为11 000 bp[1,5],主要与核蛋白(N) 结合形成核衣壳,呈螺旋对称,在核衣壳上还结合有少量的聚合酶(L) 和磷蛋白(P);囊膜,紧密地包裹着核衣壳,囊膜由脂质和蛋白质组成,其内表面为基质蛋白(M),囊膜上有糖蛋白(G) 突起。成熟的病毒粒子通过细胞膜出芽,释放到胞膜外。
该病毒能够在EPC(鲤鱼上皮瘤细胞系)、FHM(肥头鲤细胞系)、CHSE-214(大鳞大马哈鱼胚胎细胞系)、CO(草鱼卵巢细胞系)、CIK(草鱼肾细胞系)、BF-2(蓝鳃鱼幼鱼细胞系)、R1(虹鳟肝细胞系)、SSN-1(纹鳢细胞系)等鱼类细胞上增殖,并出现细胞病变效应(cytopathogenic effect,CPE),其中FHM、EPC、BF-2、CHSE-214最为敏感,最大滴度达到107 TCID50/100 μL;该病毒的最适生长温度为20 ℃,仅2 d就能病变完全,而且病毒滴度达到109 TCID50/100 μL[8]。该病毒的感染活性可以被pH值(3.0和9.0)、脂溶剂(三氯甲烷)以及热(56 ℃,30 min)等破坏。
3分类地位
1991年,Nishizawa等发现HIRRV由N、P、M、G、L 等5个结构蛋白构成,其蛋白质电泳图谱和狂犬病毒属相似,把HIRRV归到弹状病毒科的狂犬病毒属[9]。直到1997年Kurath等发现G基因和L基因之间存在NV基因[10];2000年国际病毒学分类委员会(ICTV)第7次报告中,正式把HIRRV列为弹状病毒科的一个新属——粒外弹状病毒属[11]。粒外弹状病毒属病毒在其糖蛋白和聚合酶蛋白之间均存在一个独特的非结构蛋白,该蛋白存在于受感染的细胞中,但不存在于成熟的病毒粒子中,这也是粒外弹状病毒区别于水疱病毒的一个主要标志[12]。 [1]Sun YJ,Liu H,Yue Z Q et al. Analysis and characterization of the complete genomic sequence of the Chinese strain of Hirame rhabdovirus[J]. Journal of Fish Diseases,2011,34(2):167-171.
[2]Sun Y J,Yue Z Q,Liu H,et al. Development and evaluation of a sensitive and quantitative assay for Hirame rhabdovirus based on quantitative RT-PCR[J]. Journal of Virological Methods,2010,169(2):391-396.
[3]Kimura T,Yoshimizu M,Gorie S. A new rhabdovirus isolated in Japan from cultured hirame(Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus and ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)[J]. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,1986,10(1):209-217.
[4]Sano T,Fukuda H. Principal microbial diseases of mariculture in Japan[J]. Aquaculture,1987,67 (1/2):59-69.
[5]Kim D H,Oh H K,Eou J I,et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of the hirame rhabdovirus,a pathogen of Marine fish[J]. Virus Research,2005,107(1):1-9.
[6]Oseko,Norihisa,Yoshimizu,et al. Pathogenicity of rhabdovirus olivaceus(hirame rhabdovirus;HRV) for salmonid fish[J]. Oji International Symposium on Salmonid Diseases,1992(1):80-87.
[7]Borzym E,Matras M,Maj-Paluch J,et al. First isolation of hirame rhabdovirus from freshwater fish in Europe[J]. Journal of Fish Diseases,2014,37(5):423-430.
[8]孙颖杰,江育林,刘荭,等. 石鲽鱼鱼苗中一种弹状病毒的分离与鉴定[J]. 中国兽医学报,2009,29(3):277-282.
[9]Nishizawa T,Yoshimizu M,Winton J,et al. Characterization of structural proteins of hirame rhabdovirus[J]. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,1991,10:167-172.
[10]Kurath G,Higman K H,Bjrklund H V. Distribution and variation of NV genes in fish rhabdoviruses[J]. The Journal of General Virology,1997,78:113-117.
[11]van Regenmortel M V,Fauquet C M,Bishop D L,et al. Virus taxonomy:seventh report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses[M]. New York:Academic Press,2000:563-583.
[12]Johnson M C,Maxwell J M,Loh P C,et al. Molecular characterization of the glycoproteins from two warm water rhabdoviruses:snakehead rhabdovirus(SHRV) and rhabdovirus of penaeid shrimp (RPS)/spring viremia of carp virus(SVCV)[J]. Virus Research,1999,64(2):95-106.
[13]Nishizawa T,Kurath G,Winton J R,et al. Nucleotide sequence of the 2 matrix protein genes(M1 and M2)of hirame rhabdovirus,a fish rhabdovirus [J]. Vet Res,1995,26(2):408-412.
[14]Nishizawa T,Yoshimizu M,Winton J,et al. Comparison of genome size and synthesis of structural protein of hirame rhabdovirus,infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus,and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus[J]. Fish Pathology,1991,26:77-78. [15]Conzelmann K K. Nonsegmentad negative-strand RNA viruses:Genetics and manipulation of viral genomes[J]. Annual Review of Genetics,1998,32(1):123-162.
[16]Heaton L A,Hillman B I,Hunter B G,et al. Physical map of the genome of sonchus yellow net virus,a plant rhabdovirus with six genes and conserved gene junction sequences[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1989,86(22):8665-8668.
[17]Bjrklund H V,Higman K H,Kurath G. The glycoprotein genes and gene junctions of the fish rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus:analysis of relationships with other rhabdoviruses[J]. Virus Research,1996,42(1/2):65-80.
[18]Nishizawa T,Kurath G,Winton J R. Sequence analysis and expression of the M1 and M2 matrix protein genes of Hirame rhabdovirus(HIRRV)[J]. Dis Aquat Org,1997,31(1):9-17.
[19]Bjrklund H V,Higman K H,Kurath G. The glycoprotein genes and gene junctions of the fish rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus:analysis of relationships with other rhabdoviruses[J]. Virus Research,1996,42(1/2):65-80.
[20]Banerjee A K. Transcription and replication of rhabdoviruses[J]. Microbio. Rew.,1987,51(1):66-87.
[21]Banerjee A K. The transcription complex of vesicular stomatitis virus[J]. Cell,1987,48(3):363-364.
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