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李剑农先生在《戊戌以后三十年中国政治史》中指出:“从甲午到辛亥的十七年间,中国内部已组成三大派的政治势力:一、革命派;二、袁世凯实力派;三、君宪派”。这三派政治势力随着满清中央政权的日益削弱而渐趋强大,并通过反满革命、东南互保、戊戌变法显示了各自的政治力量。在这三派势力中,以袁世凯为中心的地方汉族督抚实力派与掌握中央政权的满洲亲贵之间的矛盾不断加深和表面化。更为重要的是,由于八旗、绿营的衰败、自太平天国革命以来,地方汉族地主武装和军阀势力逐渐成为维持清王朝政治的主要支柱。而洋务活动的频繁,又促使清廷授重权于督臣,结果汉族地方督抚实力派遂成为清王朝统治营垒中一支重要、举足轻重却又尾大不掉的力量。在民主革命不断高涨形势下,他们与立
Li Jiannong pointed out in “The Political History of China in the Thirty Years After the Hundred Days of Reform”: “During the 17 years between the 18th and the 9th of Hai Xin, political forces of the three major factions have formed in China: First, the revolutionaries; Second, Yuan Shikai strength; Third, Jun constitutional school. ” These three groups of political forces became more and more powerful as the Manchu Central Power weakened day by day, and showed their respective political forces through Anti-Manchu revolution, Mutual Security from Southeast Asia and the Reform Movement of 1898. Among these three factional forces, the conflict between local Han governors and powerhouses centered on Yuan Shikai and Manchu proletariat grasping the central government continued to deepen and surface. More importantly, since the fall of the Eight Banners and Green Camp, the local Han aristocrats and warlord forces gradually became the mainstay of maintaining the politics of the Qing dynasty since the Taiping Revolution. The frequent activities of the Westernization Movement also prompted the Qing court to delegate authority to the governor. As a result, the local governors and supervisors in the Han Dynasty became an important and influential but influential force in the rule of the Qing dynasty. With the continuous rise of the democratic revolution, they stand together