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行为主义心理学是现代资产阶级心理学的主要流派之一,于20世纪初以反对内省法和片面强调客观法而创立于美国。创始人是华生。这一学派主要是从生理学角度来研究动物与人的行为机制问题,他们所采用的典型公式是刺激→反应(S→R),认为凭借“刺激”或“反应”便能预测或控制行为的发生及变化。从本世纪30年代起,有一批自称在理论上有别于华生的“新行为主义者”开始流行于美国,其代表人物有陶尔曼、赫尔、斯金纳、格塞瑞、海勃等。他们认为华生对人类行为的处理过于简单化,而思维、目的及意识等问题在华生的体系中又始终未得到解决。他们虽然在一定程度上接受了巴甫洛夫的条件反射学说,并且在一些理论和实验上对心理学起了进一步发展的作用,但基本上仍未脱离从唯心主义的机械方法来研究心理对象的旧行为主义的框子。如陶尔曼自称为“目的行为主义者”,他提出以“自变量”,“因变量”和“中间变量”等试图解决错综复杂的行为问题;赫尔列出17个公设和17个系论,并且还运用了一系列的高等数理公式、术语和逻辑符号来标志所要研究的行为机制;斯金纳则在他的体系中引进了实质上是经验主义的“操作主义”,主张把任何刺激→反应单元看作是反射,而一切行为都是由反射构成的,他的著名实验是“斯金纳迷箱”的使用;格塞瑞认为时间上的“接近联合”或“同时的条件作用”应是心理学最普通的和最基本的规律,他的方法论也是属于经验主义的。本刊于60年第8期和61年第7期介绍过新行为主义者陶尔曼;本期再介绍这一学派的二个代表人物:赫尔和斯金纳。以后还打算介绍格塞瑞和海勃等。
Behavioral psychology is one of the main schools of modern bourgeois psychology. It was founded in the United States in the early 20th century with the object of introspection and one-sided emphasis on objective law. The founder is Watson. This school mainly deals with the behavioral problems of animals and humans from the perspective of physiology. The typical formula adopted by them is stimulus → reaction (S → R), which can be predicted or controlled by “stimulation” or “reaction” Happen and change. Since the 1930s, a group of “neo-behaviourists” claiming to be theoretically different from Watson have become popular in the United States with representatives such as Taurman, Hull, Skinner, Ge Sai Rui, Hai Bo and so on. They think Watson’s handling of human behavior is too simplistic, and problems such as thinking, purpose and awareness have not yet been solved in Watson’s system. Although they accepted Pavlov’s theory of conditioned reflex to a certain extent and played a role in the further development of psychology in some theories and experiments, they basically still did not deviate from the idealist mechanical method to study the psychological object Old behaviorism box. For example, as Tulleman calls himself a “purposive behaviorist,” he proposes to solve the intricacies of behavioral problems with “arguments,” “dependent variables,” and “intermediate variables.” Hull lists 17 public and 17 departmental theories , And also used a series of advanced mathematical formulas, terms and logical symbols to mark the behavioral mechanism to be studied. Skinner introduced essentially empiricist “operationalism” into his system, arguing that any stimulus → The reaction cell is seen as a reflection, and everything is made of reflections. His famous experiment is the use of “Skinner fans.” Gessel argues that the temporal “near unity” or “simultaneous conditional effect ”Should be the most common and basic law of psychology, his methodology is also empirical. This issue was introduced in the eighth issue of 1960, and in the seventh issue of July, 61, introducing the neo-behaviourist Talman. In this issue, two representatives of this school are introduced: Hull and Skinner. Later also intend to introduce Ge Sai Rui and Haibo and so on.