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恶的问题是贯穿阿伦特一生运思的主题,她关于根本恶和恶之平庸的观念并非如人们所以为的那样前后矛盾,而是对同一种恶的不同层面的关切。根本恶指的是极权主义尤其是集中营的暴行,突显的是“多余性”;恶之平庸所描述的是艾希曼这个作恶者的形象,突出的是“无思性”。此外,在理论层面上,阿伦特对恶的理解是在与康德争辩,她先是对“根本恶”作出了不同于康德的理解,然后又以“恶之平庸”取代了康德在探究恶的产生上的理解。然而,在走出恶之平庸的路径选择上,阿伦特回到了康德的启蒙精神,强调思考是人的责任。
The problem of evil is the theme that runs through Arendt’s whole life. Her notions of mediocrity of fundamental evil and evil are not as contradictory as what people are, but rather are concerns of different aspects of the same evil. The basic evil refers to the atrocities of totalitarian camps, highlighting the “redundancy.” The mediocrity of evil describes the image of Eisman as the perpetrator, highlighting the “no-senseness.” In addition, on the theoretical level, Arendt’s understanding of evil is that Kant argues that she first made a difference from Kant’s understanding of “fundamental evil” and then replaced Kant with “mediocrity of evil” In exploring the production of evil understanding. However, on the path of mediocrity out of evil, Arendt returned to Kant’s Enlightenment, stressing that it is human responsibility.