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【Abstract】Ecotourism is a kind of green and sustainable tourism. It implies tacit harmony ideas-the harmony of human and nature, the harmony of interpersonal relationship. Chinese and western harmony ideas in ecotourism are different. Through comparing Chinese and western harmony ideas in ecotourism, this paper draws a conclusion that although the harmony ideas between China and the west are different, the two kinds of harmonious thoughts tend to infuse and integrate from each other.
【Key words】ecotourism Chinese and western harmony ideas comparison
【中圖分类号】G604【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1001-4128（2011）04-0084-02
1 Harmony Ideas in Ecotourism
Ecotourism was firstly put forward in 1983. It was defined as “a travel to areas of natural or ecological interest, typically under the guidance of a naturalist, for the purpose of observing wildlife and learning about the environment”【sup】［2］【/sup】. The ecotourism stresses the protection of natural landscape. And the ultimate goal of ecotourism is to achieve sustainable development. This is the key point that differs from traditional tourism. Ecotourism is also called “harmonious tourism”, because it implies the harmony between man and nature, and the harmony between interpersonal relationship. These principles of harmony ideas reflect in the ecotourism activities force people to maintain “harmony” consciously.
2 Different Harmony Ideas of Chinese and the Western in Ecotourism
2.1 Tourism Motivation:Tourism motivation refers to “the psychological motivation that directly causes and maintains individual behavior at the same time oriented the behavior to tourism targets”【sup】［6］【/sup】. Generally speaking, Chinese philosophers tend to appreciation static harmonious beauty. In China, before planning a tourism activity, one must consider many factors, so tourism is restricted as “tour near around”. On the other hand, those destinations of long history and influence give strong attraction to Chinese people when considering the choice. In traditional traveling, the Chinese like to visit humanistic landscape, especially the developed or planned spots.
While, western concept of harmony notes its characteristics of laying emphasis on the dynamic harmony of natural harmony and external world. And the tourism need is to satisfy individual curiosity. They hope to unfold personal competitive instinct through conquering themselves and the world. Nowadays ecotourism well blossoms in the west, because it is totally recognized and experienced by the most people.
2.2 Tourism Aesthetics:Different culture backgrounds breed different tourism cultures. Influenced by the main psychological ideals of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, Chinese almost believe the classical and eternal soul: the unity of heaven and man. So involving in the ecotourism activity, Chinese visitors pay more attention to the whole affinity consciousness of the nature. Man and the nature exit independently, but they mutually blend, infuse and coexist in purely comfortable natural landscape. So Chinese people believe that nature and human beings are psychologically as one, and man can get the mental release and fulfillment from the nature.
While in the west, Plato holds the belief that the world of sense organs is just the image of principle world that can not touch the truth at all. So the rational superior orientation of western people has been obstructing them to get into natural landscape. And the Renaissance Movement and the Industrial Revolution have made nature as an independent beauty for the subject to appreciate. For westerners, when they have ecotourism they would like to pay more attention to the beauty of nature itself.
2.3 Ecotourism Protection:Nature is the material basis of human existence, and ecological tourism especially needs the awareness of environmental protection. Chinese Harmonious idea advocates a principle that man is corpus of activities. So when referred the question how to protect the ecotourism environment, China mainly adopts three methods: strengthen the measures to resume eco-system engineering further, the publicity education of eco-tourism environment protection, and ecosystem monitor. These methods have explained that a person of subjective initiative can greatly exert his or her ability to attain the purpose of protecting the natural ecosystem.
Compared with China, the west has established plans and strategies on ecotourism developing and carried on the environmental protection publicity as well. However, they have more faith in compulsive means, such as, the law-making for protecting the ecotourism environment. As for the view of the nature, people in the west hold a different harmony idea from in China. They tend to believe that if man could conquer the nature in the beginning, they will have the ability to repair it, too. The leading idea of “subject-object dichotomy” in the west can give an explanation of this opinion.
3 The Integration and Development of Chinese and Western Harmony Ideas
3.1 The Integration and Development of Human and Nature:To build a harmonious situation, reconstruction of the harmony between man and nature is the primary and basic level. In the process of being conquered and consumed by human beings, the nature also constantly raised its revenge on man, such as global warming, glaciers melting and so on. These problems are rooted in the attitude of human on nature’s conquest that man regards himself as the master of the nature and regards the nature as the object to conquer. Therefore, to reinstate the harmonious relationship between man and nature is of great importance. The development of human world must be controlled within the limits of self-recovery without damaging the nature, or human nature will be revenged in turn. Besides,the caring attitude towards the nature is absolutely needed. Equally treating all things in the nature, but not putting human beings above nature.
3.2 The Integration and Development of Interpersonal relationship:The construction of harmonious interpersonal relationship is also of importance. Society is made up of different individuals with different social relations and interests’ requirements, continuous coordination and contacts between people will make a harmonious relationship status possible. To achieve this goal, one word should be kept in mind: “tolerance” -a great explanation of Chinese harmony ideas. In the process of building a harmonious interpersonal relationship, harmony is also a measure of dealing with various benefit relations. Only in this way, human beings could really coordinate a variety of relationships and interests, and form harmonious interpersonal relationships.
4 Conclusion
Nowadays, the west starts to absorb the reasonable contents of Chinese harmony ideas-“the unity of heaven and man”. In ecotourism, they add more humanistic elements to the views in order to make visitors receive more cultural knowledge at the time of appreciating the landscape. Similarly, the traditional harmony ideas of China gradually possess modern appearance. And China also starts to strengthen the lawmaking protection to make tourists have a sense of security by eliminating their doubts. Ecotourism will also have further development under the guidance of the advanced harmony ideas which is not only the topic that China now initiates, but also becomes western countries’ aim.
Bibliography
［1］ Burton Watson. The Analects of Confucius ［M］.America: Columbia University Press, 2007
［2］ Stephen Wearing, John Neil. Ecotourism ［M］. Sydney: Butter Worth Heinemann, 2009
［3］ 車凤成. 西方文化视野中的“和谐观”之内涵分析［J］.延边大学学报，2008，（2）.
［4］ 舒也.中西文化与审美价值诠释［M］. 上海：上海三联书店，2008
［5］ 王莉. 中西“和谐”观比较［J］.天水行政学院学报，2010，（3）.
［6］ 尹华光.旅游文化学［M］. 长沙：湖南大学出版社，2005
【Key words】ecotourism Chinese and western harmony ideas comparison
【中圖分类号】G604【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1001-4128（2011）04-0084-02
1 Harmony Ideas in Ecotourism
Ecotourism was firstly put forward in 1983. It was defined as “a travel to areas of natural or ecological interest, typically under the guidance of a naturalist, for the purpose of observing wildlife and learning about the environment”【sup】［2］【/sup】. The ecotourism stresses the protection of natural landscape. And the ultimate goal of ecotourism is to achieve sustainable development. This is the key point that differs from traditional tourism. Ecotourism is also called “harmonious tourism”, because it implies the harmony between man and nature, and the harmony between interpersonal relationship. These principles of harmony ideas reflect in the ecotourism activities force people to maintain “harmony” consciously.
2 Different Harmony Ideas of Chinese and the Western in Ecotourism
2.1 Tourism Motivation:Tourism motivation refers to “the psychological motivation that directly causes and maintains individual behavior at the same time oriented the behavior to tourism targets”【sup】［6］【/sup】. Generally speaking, Chinese philosophers tend to appreciation static harmonious beauty. In China, before planning a tourism activity, one must consider many factors, so tourism is restricted as “tour near around”. On the other hand, those destinations of long history and influence give strong attraction to Chinese people when considering the choice. In traditional traveling, the Chinese like to visit humanistic landscape, especially the developed or planned spots.
While, western concept of harmony notes its characteristics of laying emphasis on the dynamic harmony of natural harmony and external world. And the tourism need is to satisfy individual curiosity. They hope to unfold personal competitive instinct through conquering themselves and the world. Nowadays ecotourism well blossoms in the west, because it is totally recognized and experienced by the most people.
2.2 Tourism Aesthetics:Different culture backgrounds breed different tourism cultures. Influenced by the main psychological ideals of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, Chinese almost believe the classical and eternal soul: the unity of heaven and man. So involving in the ecotourism activity, Chinese visitors pay more attention to the whole affinity consciousness of the nature. Man and the nature exit independently, but they mutually blend, infuse and coexist in purely comfortable natural landscape. So Chinese people believe that nature and human beings are psychologically as one, and man can get the mental release and fulfillment from the nature.
While in the west, Plato holds the belief that the world of sense organs is just the image of principle world that can not touch the truth at all. So the rational superior orientation of western people has been obstructing them to get into natural landscape. And the Renaissance Movement and the Industrial Revolution have made nature as an independent beauty for the subject to appreciate. For westerners, when they have ecotourism they would like to pay more attention to the beauty of nature itself.
2.3 Ecotourism Protection:Nature is the material basis of human existence, and ecological tourism especially needs the awareness of environmental protection. Chinese Harmonious idea advocates a principle that man is corpus of activities. So when referred the question how to protect the ecotourism environment, China mainly adopts three methods: strengthen the measures to resume eco-system engineering further, the publicity education of eco-tourism environment protection, and ecosystem monitor. These methods have explained that a person of subjective initiative can greatly exert his or her ability to attain the purpose of protecting the natural ecosystem.
Compared with China, the west has established plans and strategies on ecotourism developing and carried on the environmental protection publicity as well. However, they have more faith in compulsive means, such as, the law-making for protecting the ecotourism environment. As for the view of the nature, people in the west hold a different harmony idea from in China. They tend to believe that if man could conquer the nature in the beginning, they will have the ability to repair it, too. The leading idea of “subject-object dichotomy” in the west can give an explanation of this opinion.
3 The Integration and Development of Chinese and Western Harmony Ideas
3.1 The Integration and Development of Human and Nature:To build a harmonious situation, reconstruction of the harmony between man and nature is the primary and basic level. In the process of being conquered and consumed by human beings, the nature also constantly raised its revenge on man, such as global warming, glaciers melting and so on. These problems are rooted in the attitude of human on nature’s conquest that man regards himself as the master of the nature and regards the nature as the object to conquer. Therefore, to reinstate the harmonious relationship between man and nature is of great importance. The development of human world must be controlled within the limits of self-recovery without damaging the nature, or human nature will be revenged in turn. Besides,the caring attitude towards the nature is absolutely needed. Equally treating all things in the nature, but not putting human beings above nature.
3.2 The Integration and Development of Interpersonal relationship:The construction of harmonious interpersonal relationship is also of importance. Society is made up of different individuals with different social relations and interests’ requirements, continuous coordination and contacts between people will make a harmonious relationship status possible. To achieve this goal, one word should be kept in mind: “tolerance” -a great explanation of Chinese harmony ideas. In the process of building a harmonious interpersonal relationship, harmony is also a measure of dealing with various benefit relations. Only in this way, human beings could really coordinate a variety of relationships and interests, and form harmonious interpersonal relationships.
4 Conclusion
Nowadays, the west starts to absorb the reasonable contents of Chinese harmony ideas-“the unity of heaven and man”. In ecotourism, they add more humanistic elements to the views in order to make visitors receive more cultural knowledge at the time of appreciating the landscape. Similarly, the traditional harmony ideas of China gradually possess modern appearance. And China also starts to strengthen the lawmaking protection to make tourists have a sense of security by eliminating their doubts. Ecotourism will also have further development under the guidance of the advanced harmony ideas which is not only the topic that China now initiates, but also becomes western countries’ aim.
Bibliography
［1］ Burton Watson. The Analects of Confucius ［M］.America: Columbia University Press, 2007
［2］ Stephen Wearing, John Neil. Ecotourism ［M］. Sydney: Butter Worth Heinemann, 2009
［3］ 車凤成. 西方文化视野中的“和谐观”之内涵分析［J］.延边大学学报，2008，（2）.
［4］ 舒也.中西文化与审美价值诠释［M］. 上海：上海三联书店，2008
［5］ 王莉. 中西“和谐”观比较［J］.天水行政学院学报，2010，（3）.
［6］ 尹华光.旅游文化学［M］. 长沙：湖南大学出版社，2005