论文部分内容阅读
定语从句是高中英语重要语法项目之一，也是历年高考的热点。它的考查难度主要是通过改变句子的正常语序或借助于其它语法项目来体现的，为了提高同学们的应变能力，现对定语从句的一些常见考查角度进行归纳并分类辨析正误。
Ⅰ. 常见考查角度归纳
一、 在疑问句中考查定语从句
例1. Is this the farm______you visited last week?
A. whereB. the oneC. on which D. /
【解析】 答案是D。命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的思维。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
二、 在倒装句中考查定语从句
例2. We came to a place, ______stood a big tower.
A. which B. that C. / D. where
【解析】 答案是D。为了保持句子的平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用了倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就很清晰了。
三、 拆分词组和固定搭配
例3. The second is connected with the use______the body makes of food.
A. of which B. where C. to do D. that
例4. Why can’t you realize the part
they have played in our life?
A. which B. on which C. when D. where
【解析】 答案分别是D和A。一些词组和固定搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of, play a part (in)。
四、添加插入语或状语
例5. The scientist has made another discovery, ______I believe is of great importance.
A. that B. / C. which D. why
【解析】 应选择C。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think(suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非谓语动词
例6. Is this the man______you want to have______the radio for me?
A. who; repaired B. that; repaired
C. whom; repairing D. that; repair
【解析】 D项正确。非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。我们可以把句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子为：You want to have the man repair the radio for me.
【小试牛刀】
1. Was it in the shop______sold children’s clothing that you lost your wallet?
A. / B. where C. that D. when
2. Thank you for the difficulty______you have had painting the house.
A. when B. / C. why D. where
3. Is there anyone around the factory______knows how to operate the computer?
A. who B. which C. where D. in which
4. The managers discussed the plan______they would like to see______the next year.
A. that; carried out B. who; carried out
C. which; carry out D. that; carrying out
5. She was much disappointed to see the beautiful cloth______she had made______with lots of spots.
A. which; cover B. that; covered
C. /; covering D. where; covering
6. Lincoln, ______life was once hard, were elected President of America.
A. for whom B. whoC. to whomD. /
Keys: 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. A
Ⅱ. 定语从句分类正误例析
一、 成分重复类
误： The factory where we worked there last year was built in 1968.
正： The factory where we worked last year was built in 1968.
解析： 注意定语从句的关系词在从句中必定要充当某一成分。误句中的关系副词where在从句中作状语用，意味：“在那工厂”，再用there作状语就重复了，因此必须删去there。又例如：Who is the man ( that ) you talked to him just now?应改为Who is the man that you talked to just now? (that在从句中作宾语用，意味“那个人”，此时him是多余的。)
二、 关系词用错类
误： This is the right bookstore where we are looking for.
正： This is the right bookstore which we are looking for.
解析： 要弄清各个关系词在从句中所充当的成分。误句中的关系词应指bookstore, 在从句中作look for的宾语，而where在从句中只能作状语，因而是错误的。故关系副词where应改为关系代词which。又如：This is the boy whom was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday.应改为This is the boy who was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday. (关系代词在从句中作主语用，因此应把whom改为who。)
三、 主谓矛盾类
误： Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Xiao Hong?
正： Can you show me the book which has been translated into English by Xiao Hong?
解析： 在定语从句中，当关系词为主语时，从句中的谓语动词必须与先行词保持一致，而不是与主句的主语保持一致。故应将have been translated改为has been translated。
四、 缺关系代词类
误： The man is giving a report in our school is a scientist.
正： The man who is giving a report in our school is a scientist.
解析： 犯这类错误有两个原因：一是受汉语的影响，把英语和汉语结构等同起来；二是没有弄清关系词在定语从句中作主语用时不能省略。应把做主语的关系代词who补起来。
五、 漏掉介词类
误： The woman whom I went to the concert is a singer.
正： The woman with whom I went to the concert is a singer.
解析： 该句的汉语意思是：“和我一起 去参加音乐会的那个妇女是位歌唱家。”根据句义，定语从句中的关系代词whom应作介词with的宾语用。如果漏掉介词with，则关系代词whom就无寄托，句意也不通。这是中学生常犯的错误，必须引起高度重视。又如：The man whom I talked to you lives upstairs.应改为The man about whom I talked to you about lives upstairs. (whom作about的宾语用， 故about不能漏掉。)
六、 词语错位类
误： The room in that she lives is a large one.
正： The room that she lives in is a large one.
解析： 在定语从句中，介词不能置于关系代词that 之前。当介词放在从句后面时，that可以用，也可以省略。例如：This is the question that we have had so much discussion about. 注意，含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开。不能说The book for which he is looking was given by my brother. 而应说: The book which he is looking for was given by my brother. 当然，在一般情况下，定语从句的关系代词which和whom作介词的宾语时，介词是可以置于which和whom之前的。例如：Do you know the comrade to whom she was talking? The tool with which he is working is called a saw. ★
Ⅰ. 常见考查角度归纳
一、 在疑问句中考查定语从句
例1. Is this the farm______you visited last week?
A. whereB. the oneC. on which D. /
【解析】 答案是D。命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的思维。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
二、 在倒装句中考查定语从句
例2. We came to a place, ______stood a big tower.
A. which B. that C. / D. where
【解析】 答案是D。为了保持句子的平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用了倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就很清晰了。
三、 拆分词组和固定搭配
例3. The second is connected with the use______the body makes of food.
A. of which B. where C. to do D. that
例4. Why can’t you realize the part
they have played in our life?
A. which B. on which C. when D. where
【解析】 答案分别是D和A。一些词组和固定搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of, play a part (in)。
四、添加插入语或状语
例5. The scientist has made another discovery, ______I believe is of great importance.
A. that B. / C. which D. why
【解析】 应选择C。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think(suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非谓语动词
例6. Is this the man______you want to have______the radio for me?
A. who; repaired B. that; repaired
C. whom; repairing D. that; repair
【解析】 D项正确。非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。我们可以把句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子为：You want to have the man repair the radio for me.
【小试牛刀】
1. Was it in the shop______sold children’s clothing that you lost your wallet?
A. / B. where C. that D. when
2. Thank you for the difficulty______you have had painting the house.
A. when B. / C. why D. where
3. Is there anyone around the factory______knows how to operate the computer?
A. who B. which C. where D. in which
4. The managers discussed the plan______they would like to see______the next year.
A. that; carried out B. who; carried out
C. which; carry out D. that; carrying out
5. She was much disappointed to see the beautiful cloth______she had made______with lots of spots.
A. which; cover B. that; covered
C. /; covering D. where; covering
6. Lincoln, ______life was once hard, were elected President of America.
A. for whom B. whoC. to whomD. /
Keys: 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. A
Ⅱ. 定语从句分类正误例析
一、 成分重复类
误： The factory where we worked there last year was built in 1968.
正： The factory where we worked last year was built in 1968.
解析： 注意定语从句的关系词在从句中必定要充当某一成分。误句中的关系副词where在从句中作状语用，意味：“在那工厂”，再用there作状语就重复了，因此必须删去there。又例如：Who is the man ( that ) you talked to him just now?应改为Who is the man that you talked to just now? (that在从句中作宾语用，意味“那个人”，此时him是多余的。)
二、 关系词用错类
误： This is the right bookstore where we are looking for.
正： This is the right bookstore which we are looking for.
解析： 要弄清各个关系词在从句中所充当的成分。误句中的关系词应指bookstore, 在从句中作look for的宾语，而where在从句中只能作状语，因而是错误的。故关系副词where应改为关系代词which。又如：This is the boy whom was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday.应改为This is the boy who was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday. (关系代词在从句中作主语用，因此应把whom改为who。)
三、 主谓矛盾类
误： Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Xiao Hong?
正： Can you show me the book which has been translated into English by Xiao Hong?
解析： 在定语从句中，当关系词为主语时，从句中的谓语动词必须与先行词保持一致，而不是与主句的主语保持一致。故应将have been translated改为has been translated。
四、 缺关系代词类
误： The man is giving a report in our school is a scientist.
正： The man who is giving a report in our school is a scientist.
解析： 犯这类错误有两个原因：一是受汉语的影响，把英语和汉语结构等同起来；二是没有弄清关系词在定语从句中作主语用时不能省略。应把做主语的关系代词who补起来。
五、 漏掉介词类
误： The woman whom I went to the concert is a singer.
正： The woman with whom I went to the concert is a singer.
解析： 该句的汉语意思是：“和我一起 去参加音乐会的那个妇女是位歌唱家。”根据句义，定语从句中的关系代词whom应作介词with的宾语用。如果漏掉介词with，则关系代词whom就无寄托，句意也不通。这是中学生常犯的错误，必须引起高度重视。又如：The man whom I talked to you lives upstairs.应改为The man about whom I talked to you about lives upstairs. (whom作about的宾语用， 故about不能漏掉。)
六、 词语错位类
误： The room in that she lives is a large one.
正： The room that she lives in is a large one.
解析： 在定语从句中，介词不能置于关系代词that 之前。当介词放在从句后面时，that可以用，也可以省略。例如：This is the question that we have had so much discussion about. 注意，含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开。不能说The book for which he is looking was given by my brother. 而应说: The book which he is looking for was given by my brother. 当然，在一般情况下，定语从句的关系代词which和whom作介词的宾语时，介词是可以置于which和whom之前的。例如：Do you know the comrade to whom she was talking? The tool with which he is working is called a saw. ★