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十八世纪末十九世纪初,在实行殖民统治长达三个世纪的拉丁美洲,爆发了一场独立解放运动。这场运动波及地区之广,卷入斗争的人口之多,斗争时间之长,在世界殖民地革命运动史上是空前的。这场独立运动取得的主要成果是:一、赶走了法、西、葡殖民主义者,建立了一系列民族独立国家,除西印度群岛外,基本上形成了今天拉丁美洲各国的政治布局;二、除巴西以外,各新独立国家都确立丁资产阶级民主形式的共和国制(海地实行过短期帝制),废除了封建法律;三、天主教会和政府分离,废除了极端反动的宗教裁判所,削弱了教会的政治经济权势;四、海地推翻了黑人奴隶制度,摧毁了大地产制,其它各国(巴西除外)取缔了奴隶贩卖,到十九世纪中叶都废除了奴隶制,并逐步废止了印第安人的徭役制和贡纳;五、取消了限制各国工商业发展的殖民垄断制度。拉丁美洲的独立解放运动推进了拉丁美洲社会的发展,开辟了拉丁美洲历史的新纪元。拉丁美洲独立解放运动分几个地区进行。本期世界历史参考图片主要介绍南美北部地区的独立战争。图①是米兰达(1750—1816)的画像,他是委内瑞拉人,南美北部地区独立运动的先驱。他曾参加过法国
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, an independent liberation movement broke out in Latin America, which has practiced colonial rule for three centuries. The movement has spread to a wide area and the number of people involved in the struggle and the struggle for a long time are unprecedented in the history of the world’s colonial revolutionary movement. The main achievements made by this independent movement were: First, the French, Western and Portuguese colonialists were expelled, and a series of independent and national states were established. Apart from the West Indies, they basically formed the political layout of Latin American countries today. Second, in addition to Brazil, all newly independent countries have established the republic system of a bourgeois democratic form (the short-term monarchy was implemented in Haiti) and the feudal law was abolished. Thirdly, the separation of the Catholic Church from the government abolished the reactionary extremist reactionary tribunals and weakened The political and economic power of the Church; and (4) Haitian overthrew the black slavery system and destroyed the land system. Other countries (except Brazil) banned the slave trade and abolished slavery by the mid-nineteenth century and gradually abolished the Indians Of the corvee system and Gunnar; and (5) the system of colonial monopoly that limits the development of business in all countries was canceled. The independent liberation movement in Latin America promoted the development of the Latin American society and opened up a new era in the history of Latin America. The Latin American Liberation Movement is divided into several regions. Current World History Reference Pictures mainly introduces the war of independence in the northern part of South America. Figure (1) is a portrait of Miranda (1750-1816), a pioneer of Venezuelans and independent movement in the northern South America. He has participated in France