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一十九世纪中,鸦片战后,西学输入,部分开明人士作出积极回应。但此后二十年间,天朝上国闭塞依旧,西学在中国影响十分有限。庚申一役,危机加重,出于自强求富之需要,清政府发起“采西学”、“制洋器”的洋务运动,近代中西文化论争也拉开了序幕。首先是洋务派与保守派之争,一派力持“中体西用”,一派严守“夷夏大防”。由此,洋、保两派展开了影响深远的三次论战:六十年代的“同文馆之争”,七十年代的“海防之议”和八十年代的“修筑铁路”与“派遣留学生之争”。两派虽争执激烈,但根本立场并无不同,皆是要维护中国之君主专制和纲常名教。至十九世纪八十年代后期,维新派逐渐崛起,
In the nineteenth century, some enlightened people responded positively after opium wars were entered and Western learning was imported. However, in the two decades since then, the celestial occupation of China and the neighboring countries remained the same. The impact of Western learning in China was very limited. Gengshen battle, the crisis intensified, out of self-seeking for the needs of the rich, the Qing government launched “Western learning”, “Western system” Westernization Movement, modern Chinese and Western cultural debate also kicked off. The first is the dispute between the Westernization School and the conservatives. One faction holds the power of “Western China, while the other one strictly observes the” Yixia Grand Defense. “ As a result, both the foreign and the Pauli embarked on three far-reaching controversies: the ”struggle against the same texts“ in the 1960s, the ”Haiphong Proposal“ in the 1970s and the ”railway construction“ in the 1980s and the ”dispatch of foreign students Fight ". Although the two factions are fiercely contested, there is no difference in their fundamental position. They all want to safeguard China’s monarchy and monasticism. By the late 1880s, the rebels were gradually rising,