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见索即付保函是解决国际商事交易信用不透明,保证跨国交易顺利完善的国际结算工具。近年来,随着外贸环境的变化,见索即付保函类诉讼显著增加。在司法审判实务中,法官面临四个核心疑难问题:如何界定见索即付保函;法律与国际惯例的选择与适用问题;合同审查范围如何确定的问题;法院颁发止付令的条件。本文结合相关理论与典型性案例,对上述问题进行解构和分析。在此基础上,提出应当尽快出台相关司法解释,对独立担保的基础性涵义和适用范围、独立担保当事人的权责以及“欺诈例外”的适用规范等作出明确规定;针对一般性保函诉讼、涉嫌欺诈等诉因不同的案件,应当适用不同的审查范围;明确法院下达保函“止付令”的前置性条件和规范流程。
Demand-and-pay guarantee is an international settlement tool to solve the problem of opaque credit in international commercial transactions and ensure smooth and perfect cross-border transactions. In recent years, with the changes in the foreign trade environment, there has been a marked increase in litigation claims. Judges face four core difficult issues in judicial adjudication: how to define demand-payment guarantees; the choice and application of law and international practice; the question of how the scope of contract review is to be determined; and the conditions for issuing court orders. This article combines the relevant theories and typical cases to deconstruct and analyze the above problems. On this basis, it is proposed that relevant judicial interpretations should be promulgated as soon as possible to make clear the basic meaning and scope of independent guarantees, the rights and obligations of independent guarantee parties and the applicable norms of “fraud exception” , Fraud and other complaints due to different cases, should be applied to a different scope of the review; a clear court issued a letter of credit “stop orders” preconditions and normative processes.